STATISTICS
Obiettivi formativi
Basic understanding of data collection, presentation and analysis, including use of statistical software. The basic notions of statistical analysis include the formulation of statistical models, the point and interval estimation of parameters and the interpretation of significance tests. The essentials of elementary probability theory, including elementary probability calculus formulae, discrete and continuous distributions and their (first and second order) moments, the law of large numbers and the basic central limit theorem.
By the end of the course the student will be able to continue the studies with a more advanced course on statistical methods, as well as to manage a first elaboration of a data set.
Risultati di apprendimento attesi
Knowledge and understanding: The student - by participating in the lectures and exercise sessions - develops the ability to understand the fundamental notions of Statistics and data analysis. The student will also be introduced to the use of statistical software
Applying knowledge and understanding: The student will be able to apply the notions and techniques described during the course and to present the results in a suitable way.
Making autonomous judgements:
The student will have acquired the ability to identify suitable solution methods for various problems and developed critical thinking and problem solving skills
Communication skills: At the end of the course the student will be able to express judgments and present the results of a statistical analysis of problems and/or data, with the required terminological precision and the appropriate technical lexicon.
Learning skills: The knowledge acquired during the course will allow the student to autonomously understand and interpret more advanced notions and techniques of the subject and adapt them to a specific reference context. The knowledge of the fundamental aspects of the subject acquired during the course will allow the student to engage in further studies in the subject, even on his/her own, and to participate in future post-graduate training.
Contenuti Del Corso
Basic ideas in statistics: data collection, presentation, summary statistics and plots. Basic probability. Statistical models, and probability based statistical inference: estimation and hypothesis testing. Introduction to the use of statistical software
Testi Di Riferimento
Ross, S. M. (2017). Introductory statistics (4th ed.). Elsevier/Academic Press.
Metodologie Didattiche
Frontal lectures, exercise sessions with teaching assistant, use of statistical software for data analysis.
Modalità di verifica dell'apprendimento
Students will be evaluated through the final written exam, covering the whole course program.
The final written exam consists of theoretical questions and practical problems aimed at verifying the student’s mastering of the basic notions and their application. In general, the exam will be formed by 6-7 questions.
During the semester, there will be an intermediate test covering the first part of the program, which will count approximately for 1/3 of the final grade.
NOTE: the intermediate test grade will be effective only if the final exam is taken during the summer session.
Criteri per l’assegnazione dell’elaborato finale
Not relevant
Settimana 1
Ch 1/2/3 Introduction, data collection. Statistical models and parameters.
The population and the sample. Descriptive statistics: tables, line plots,
histograms, etc. Data examples. Summary statistics, mean, median,
variance, standard deviation, covariance and correlation coefficient and
percentiles
Settimana 2
Ch 1/2/3 Introduction to the use of R for descriptive statistics and
mathematical calculations.
Settimana 3
Ch 4 Basic probability, events, experiments, conditional probability,
independence. Bayes' formula. Uniform spaces and notions of
combinatorics.
Settimana 4
Ch 5 Random variables, definition and examples. Discrete and continuous
random variables. Distributions (uniform, discrete/continuous; geometric,
exponential), density, distribution function. Simple transformations of
random variables
Settimana 5
Ch 5/6/7 Random variables, expectation and variance of random
variables, examples. Sums of two uniforms. The 2x2 table, dependence
and independence. Rules for expectation and variance. Covariance and
correlation coefficient. Simple non-linear transformations. The law of
large numbers... Intro to simulation in R
Settimana 6
Ch 5/6/7 The binomial distribution and proportions. The normal
distribution and probability tables. Exact properties, normal
approximation, the central limit theorem. Normal distribution and
applications. : sampling distribution of the mean, normal approximation.
Discussion of sample size. Use of R for probability calculations.
Settimana 7
Ch 8 Short introduction to inference questions and answers. Estimation,
basic notions. Sampling distributions. Estimation of population mean and
variance. Estimation of proportions.
Settimana 8
Ch 8/9 Confidence intervals for means, proportions, etc. Testing
Hypotheses, basic ideas, significance level and related concepts.
Settimana 9
Ch 9/10/13 Tests related to means, proportions (also contingency tables
and Goodness of Fit tests), and more. Two-sample tests. P-value. Tests in
R
Settimana 10
Ch 12 Linear regression, the basic model and examples. Data examples
for regression.
Estimation of parameters in linear regression. The Least Squares method.
Linear regression with R.
Settimana 11
Ch 12 Regression to the mean. Correlations, residual analysis. Multiple
regression (demonstration with R). (Dummy variables and analysis of
variance).
Settimana 12
Review