UNDERSTANDING POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN EUROPE

Introduction: studying political leadership in Europe Lecture: - Introduction to the course: aims, structure, requirements, assessment and the Brussels field phase - What this course means by leadership: personal, collective, institutional and configurational forms - Leadership as a variable rather than a constant, and as ascribed rather than possessed - The six leading questions of the course and the state of the research field Seminar: - What counts as evidence for leadership? Discussion on historical examples - What does journalists see as “leaderships” - AI as a tool for political science + Ground rules for the use of AI in this course; first hands-on exercise on a short corpus of leaders' speeches

Political leadership as a concept: from the classics to modern theory Lecture: - Classical thinking on leadership: Cicero, Machiavelli, Weber - Introduction in the leadership Seminar: - Close reading of Weber, Politics as a Vocation - Comparison with Cicero's and Machiavelli's thought - Case studies on the basis of these texts, e.g. Caesar. Key reading for the week: Weber, M. (1919): Politics as a Vocation, Munich [complete text, any scholarly English edition]. Extended reading for the week: Machiavelli, N. (1513): The Prince, chapters XV–XIX; and Discorsi I, 9. Brown, A. (2014): The Myth of the Strong Leader. Political Leadership in the Modern Age, London, chapter 1: Putting Leadership in Context, pp. 25–61. Burns, J.M. (1978): Leadership, New York, chapters 1 and 4 [transactional and transforming leadership]. Morstein-Marx, R. (2009): “Dignitas and res publica: Caesar and Republican Legitimacy”, in: Hölkeskamp, K.-J. (ed.), Eine politische Kultur (in) der Krise? Die „letzte Generation“ der römischen Republik, Munich, pp. 115–140

Political elites and the political class Lecture: - theory on political elite, political class and personalisation. - Recruitment, selection and socialisation. Seminar: - Discussion of key reading. - Case study, political class and elite in the EU supranational system. Key reading for the week: Krastev, Ivan (2017): After Europe. Philadelphia. Chapter2: Only the subchapter the Brussles paradox, pp.86-93. Extended reading for the week: Allen, Peter (2018): The political class. Oxford, Chapter 1 pp.19-42. Best, H. and Higley, J. (2018): “Introduction”, in: Best, H. and Higley, J. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites, London Borchert, J. and Zeiss, J. (eds.) (2003): The Political Class in Advanced Democracies, Oxford, Introduction. Michels, R. (1911/1962): Political Parties. A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy, New York, final part on the iron law of oligarchy. Young, Michale (1994): The Rise of the meritocracy. London. Capter 4, pp. 69-90.

The EU as a setting for leadership: a conceptual session Lecture: - Compound democracy (Fabbrini) and the comparison with the US presidential model - What the EU's architecture does to leadership: - Seminar: - Close work on the Tömmel/Verdun special issue of the Journal of European Integration: each student team takes one article and all read the introduction. (Delors; Commission presidents; roaming regulation; Van Rompuy; the standing president of the European Council; the European Parliament; the ECB; Merkel and Tsipras;) after the questions: which concept of leadership is used, on which evidence, and what exactly is claimed? Key reading for the week: Tömmel, I. and Verdun, A. (2017): “Political leadership in the European Union: an introduction”, Journal of European Integration 39 (2), pp. 103–112 [reprinted in Tömmel, I. and Verdun, A. (eds.), Political Leadership in the European Union, London]. Extended reading for the week: Tömmel, I. (2013): “The Presidents of the European Commission: Transactional or Transforming Leadership?”, Journal of Common Market Studies 51 (4), pp. 789–805. Van Esch, F. (2017): “The paradoxes of legitimate EU leadership. An analysis of the multi-level leadership of Angela Merkel and Alexis Tsipras during the euro crisis”, Journal of European Integration 39 (2), pp. 223–237. Müller, H. (2017): “Setting Europe's agenda: the Commission presidents and political leadership”, Journal of European Integration 39 (2), pp. 129–142. Fabbrini, S. (2007): Compound Democracies. Why the United States and Europe Are Becoming Similar, Oxford, chapter 1.

Historical period I: founding leadership, 1945–1957 Lecture: - The founders as leaders: Monnet, Schuman, Adenauer, De Gasperi, Spaak – vision, transnational networks and confessional milieu - What kind of leadership shaped the Schuman Plan, the ECSC, the failure of the EDC, the Rome Treaties? Seminar: - The Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950 as a primary source: who drafted it, what does it commit to, what does it deliberately leave open? - Case: the failure of the European Defence Community in 1954 – leadership that did not work - Seminar discussion: What would have happened without Monnet? Key reading for the week: Milward, A.S. (1992/2000): The European Rescue of the Nation-State, London, chapter 1 and the chapter on the Schuman Plan. Extended reading for the week: Duchêne, F. (1994): Jean Monnet. The First Statesman of Interdependence, New York, chapters on the Schuman Plan and the EDC. Kaiser, W. (2007): Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union, Cambridge, chapters on the transnational networks of the founding period. Gilbert, M. (2012): European Integration. A Concise History, Lanham, chapters 1–2. Primary source: Schuman Declaration, Paris, 9 May 1950.

Guest lecture and mid-term examination Thursday – guest lecture: - Leadership in praxis Friday – mid-term written examination: - 60 minutes, covering weeks 1–5: (The order of the two sessions may be reversed depending on the availability of the guest) Key reading: Kissinger, H. (2022): Leadership. Six Studies in World Strategy, New York, Conclusion, pp. 395–416

Historical period II: national leaders, the single market and Maastricht, 1979–1992 Lecture: - The relaunch of integration: the single market programme, the Delors Commission, the Franco-German engine - Kohl, Mitterrand, Delors and Thatcher: four answers to the question what Europe is for and what can be promised abroad and deliver at home Seminar: - Two speeches from one year: Thatcher in Bruges and Delors before the TUC, both 1988 - Case: the road to Maastricht – how was monetary union decided, and who led? - Debate: was Delors an entrepreneur or a bookkeeper of member state preferences? Key reading for the week: Moravcsik, A. (1998): The Choice for Europe. Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, Ithaca, chapter 1 and the chapter on Maastricht. Extended reading for the week: Ross, G. (1995): Jacques Delors and European Integration, Cambridge, chapters 1–2. Bulmer, S. and Paterson, W.E. (2019): Germany and the European Union. Europe's Reluctant Hegemon?, London, chapter on the Kohl era. Primary source: Thatcher, M., Speech to the College of Europe (“The Bruges Speech”), 20 September 1988.

Historical period III: leadership in crisis, 2008–2021 Lecture: - the euro crisis, migration in 2015, Brexit, Covid-19: The crisis leadership tasks Seminar: - Cases: Merkel and Draghi – a comparison - Debate: was Next Generation EU a Hamiltonian moment or a deadline effect? Key reading for the week: Boin, A., 't Hart, P., Stern, E. and Sundelius, B. (2016): The Politics of Crisis Management. Public Leadership under Pressure, 2nd edition, Cambridge, chapters 1–2. Extended reading for the week: Schimmelfennig, F. (2015): “Liberal intergovernmentalism and the euro area crisis”, Journal of European Public Policy 22 (2), pp. 177–195. Ferrera, M., Miró, J. and Ronchi, S. (2021): “Walking the road together? EU polity maintenance during the COVID-19 crisis”, West European Politics 44 (5–6), pp. 1329–1352.

Contemporary leadership: between crisis and epochal change Lecture: - Personalised leadership as an answer to disorientation: Orbán, Meloni, Macron a leadership offer without sufficient following? - Technocrats as leadership resource Seminar: Guest lecture by Federico Fubini, leading journalist at Corriere Della Sera Extended readings from Fubini's newspaper articles here: https://www.corriere.it/firme/federico-fubini

Leadership psychology and leadership toolkit Lecture: leadership psychology Seminar: leadership toolkit - Speech writing Key reading for the week: Extended reading for the week: Charteris-Black, J. (2018): Analysing Political Speeches. Rhetoric, Discourse and Metaphor, 2nd edition, London, chapters 1–2.

Guest lecture and empirical social research: qualitative interviews Thursday – guest lecture: Friday – seminar on empirical social research: - From research question to design: what qualitative interviews can and cannot establish - Types of interview and the expert interview as a distinct instrument; sampling, access, ethics and consent; recording, transcription, anonymity - Validity problems specific to elites: rehearsed self-presentation, retrospective rationalisation, hindsight bias - Analysis: coding, triangulation with documents, reporting - Each team begins to draft its interview guide for the Strasbourg field phase; the guides are discussed and finalised in week 12 Key reading for the week: Bogner, A., Littig, B. and Menz, W. (eds.) (2009): Interviewing Experts, Basingstoke, Introduction: Expert Interviews – An Introduction to a New Methodological Debate. Extended reading for the week: Berry, J.M. (2002): “Validity and Reliability Issues in Elite Interviewing”, PS: Political Science and Politics 35 (4), pp. 679–682. Mosley, L. (ed.) (2013): Interview Research in Political Science, Ithaca, Introduction and the chapter on elite interviewing in Washington, DC.

Where does Europe lead? Climate policy, trade and defence compared Lecture: - When has Europe leadership capcities Seminar: - Exam preperation - Discussion of the interview guides: each team presents its questionnaire, joint critique against the criteria of week 11, final revision before Strasbourg + preparation of the Strasbourg field phase Key reading for the week: Bradford, A. (2020): The Brussels Effect. How the European Union Rules the World, Oxford, chapters 1.