ECONOMICS

Instructional goals

The course aims at introducing students to key concepts of economic theory. Particular attention is paid to the economic analysis of laws and institutions. In particular, through the study of microeconomic and macroeconomic phenomena, the student will develop an autonomous judgment of the economic reality. Students must achieve the following goals: -knowledge of the main micro and macroeconomic models; - Ability to interpret the debate on the functioning of economic systems and expertise to use bibliographic tools, and methods used by economic analysis.

Intended learning outcomes

Students will be familiar with the basic models of economics economic agents’ behavior, market functioning and firm strategies, as well as on macroeconomic factors of consumption, investment. The course contents and the methods of interaction in the classroom aim at discussion and confrontation with the teacher, so students acquire autonomous judgment on the topics discussed, using a technical language. Power point slides and blackboard will be used, the latter being able to analyze economic topics by equations and graphics. Knowledge and understanding. The course aims to provide students with the basic concepts and principles of economics. In particular, the course intends to provide students with fundamental knowledge related to: the characteristics of different types of market structures, the behavior of firms, the components and measurement of GDP, the notion of economic growth, the functions of money. Applying knowledge and understanding. The student will be able to understand and discuss clearly, through appropriate arguments, possible proposals and considerations related to problems and issues of the topics discussed in the lectures. Making judgements. At the end of the course students will have acquired the ability to critically interpret the main economic events at the center of the national and international debate, also through the collection of data and information from reliable sources. Communication skills. Students will be able to communicate their own comments and ideas onthe issues of political economy analyzed in the course to various interlocutors effectively and appropriately. Learning skills. Student will develop a personal method of study and acquire the ability to undertake, in the most independent way possible, more complex and thorough studies, particularly in respect to economic issues.

Course Contents

• Supply and demand • Markets mechanisms • Competition, antitrust and market power • The role of the State • Labour market • Income, growth and Institutions • Economic fluctuations and stabilization of the cycle • Inflation and unemployment • Money and Financial Markets

Reference Books

MICROECONOMICS Text book: J. SLOMAN (2022), Microeconomics, Il Mulino, sixth edition. Chs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. MACROECONOMICS Text book: C. IMBRIANI, A. LOPES, Macroeconomia, un’introduzione. Mercati, Istituzioni Finanziarie e Politiche, UTET, 2016. Capp. 1, 2 (excluded 2.3.3 e 2.3.4), 3 (excluded 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.4 e 3.5.4), 4 (excluded 4.7, 4.8 e 4.9), 5 (excluded 5.7), 6 (excluded 6.7, 6.8, 6.9 e 6.10), 8 (excluded 8.6, 8.7 e 8.8). Please exclude all boxes with the exception of C1 (3°chapther) and H1 (8° chapter)

Teaching Methods

- lectures - classes

Assessment Method

The procedure of assessment regarding the contents of the course will be held in the form of oral. This examination aims to verify the knowledge of the topics covered in the program and the student’s ability to use graphical representation to explain economic theories and concepts. The examination and provides an assessment in thirty (minimum threshold of sufficiency 18/30). Forms of monitoring and intermediate verification of the preparation of students are also possible. It being understood that the assessment will take place only at the outcome of the final exam which will take place, at the end of the course, according to the methods and evaluation criteria specified above.

Thesis assignment criteria

none

Week 1

INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS: Introduction to the course - exam procedures and tips for studying Basic principles of the economy and the role of economists The market economy Demand function Supply function

Week 2

QUANTITY AND MARKET PRICES: The market mechanisms Variations of market equilibrium The elasticity of demand The cross-elasticity The elasticity of supply

Week 3

CONSUMPTION THEORY: Choice problems as constrained maximization Optimal choice: the budget constraint Optimal choice: utility functions and indifference curves The demand: income effect and substitution effect Income-consumption line and Engel Curve

Week 4

PRODUCTION THEORY: Introducing the production function Production function in the short term Production function in the long term From production to costs Fixed and variable costs; total costs, average and marginal costs

Week 5

PRODUCTION THEORY: Isoquant and isocost Optimal combination of inputs Perfect competition Profit maximization Types and characteristics of monopoly: the natural monopolies

Week 6

MARKET MECHANISM: The revenue curve of the monopolist and profit maximization Introduction to Law & Economics and anti-trust legislation Duopoly and oligopoly Monopolistic competition Microeconomics: summing up

Week 7

INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS: Subject and method of macroeconomic theory National accounts, the three methods of calculating GDP The private sector; multiplier of private expenditure Public sector; public spending multipliers Foreign sector; open economy multiplier

Week 8

MONEY SUPPLY AND MONEY DEMAND: Central Bank, money supply, interest rate; money multiplier Monetary base, the channels of liquidity creation Money demand theories: quantity theory of money; liquidity preference Equilibrium in the money market and the role of the interest rate Monetary policy

Week 9

INVESTMENT, FIRMS DECISIONS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS - THE IS-LM MODEL: Investment decisions theory and the role of the interest rate Investment, accelerator theory, equity markets Deriving the IS curve Deriving the LM curve Macroeconomic equilibrium at fixed prices

Week 10

THE IS-LM MODEL: Fiscal policy and crowding-out effect Transmission mechanism of monetary policy and its effects Effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in comparison Effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies in the debate between Keynesians and monetarists Growth of public debt

Week 11

LABOUR MARKET: Neoclassical model of the labor market: supply and demand Labor market equilibrium; voluntary and involuntary unemployment Inflation and unemployment, the Phillips curve Natural rate of unemployment, the monetarist critique and the Phillips curve Policy implications of the monetarist critique

Week 12

MACROECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM: THE AD-AS MODEL: Aggregate supply and demand Macroeconomic equilibrium: AD-AS model and special cases International trade and financial markets. Balance of payments and exchange rates Floating vs. Fixed Exchange Rates - The international monetary system Macroeconomics: Summing up