Obiettivi formativi
This course will explore how to understand consumers at the Bottom of the Pyramid and how to develop successful strategies to address consumers’ needs. The module is divided into three macro-topics: consumer behavior, innovation, and strategy. During the first five weeks, the students will learn more about the concepts of scarcity and how scarcity is experienced at different social and cultural levels. The students will gain a better understanding of consumers’ psychology and needs. During the remaining part of the course, the students will develop competencies in the domains of innovation and marketing strategy. That knowledge is fundamental to understand how companies operate in such a specific market. The course will allow the students to have a unique perspective on a market which is often neglected (the market of the poorest people in the world) but which still represents one of the most profitable segments. Moreover, the course will allow students to develop their sensitivity on matters related to diversity, inclusion, and equality which will provide them with a competitive advantage for their future careers.
Prerequisiti
There are not prerequisites
Risultati di apprendimento attesi
By the end of this course students will be able to:
Knowledge and understanding
Understand the concepts of incidental, conditional, episodic, and chronic scarcity
Identify successful elements in developing products and services for consumers at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP)
Understand how to develop a marketing strategy, including a pricing and distribution strategy at BoP
Applying knowledge and understanding
Interview and assess how consumers cope with different types of scarcity in everyday life
Contrast the stereotypical idea of poor consumer
Analyze a target and decide on a successful strategy to address the target’s needs
Develop a new product and justify the decision for a strategy
Making Judgements
Compare different consumers’ habits depending on their relation with scarcity
Criticize and compare existing marketing strategies (e.g., communication, pricing, and distribution) of companies operating at the BoP
Judge the key elements of an innovation at the BoP
Communication Skills
Summarize and present the key findings of an analysis in an effective way
Elaborate a strategy for the launch of a new product
Present a strategy in an effective way
Learning Skills
Propose actionable solutions for a company
Exhibit understanding of the key concepts related to the module
Contenuti Del Corso
The contents are divided into three macro areas:
- Consumer Behavior
- Innovation
- Marketing Strategy
Testi Di Riferimento
Blocker, C., Zhang, J. Z., Hill, R. P., Roux, C., Corus, C., Hutton, M., ... & Minton, E. (2022). Rethinking scarcity and poverty: Building bridges for shared insight and impact. Journal of Consumer Psychology.
Goldsmith, K., Griskevicius, V., & Hamilton, R. (2020). Scarcity and consumer decision making: Is scarcity a mindset, a threat, a reference point, or a journey?. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 5(4), 358-364.
Roux, C., Goldsmith, K., & Bonezzi, A. (2015). On the psychology of scarcity: When reminders of resource scarcity promote selfish (and generous) behavior. Journal of consumer research, 42(4), 615-631.
Mandel, N., Rucker, D. D., Levav, J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2017). The compensatory consumer behavior model: How self-discrepancies drive consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(1), 133-146.
Hagerty, S. F., & Barasz, K. (2020). Inequality in socially permissible consumption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(25), 14084-14093.
Whillans, A., & West, C. (2022). Alleviating time poverty among the working poor: a pre-registered longitudinal field experiment. Scientific reports, 12(1), 1-17
Prahalad, C. K. (2012). Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations. Journal of product innovation management, 29(1), 6-12
Bhattacharyya, A., & Belk, R. W. (2019). Consumer resilience and subservience in technology consumption by the poor. Consumption Markets & Culture, 22(5-6), 489-507
Tarafdar, M., Singh, R., & Anekal, P. (2013). Impact of ICT-enabled product and process innovations at the Bottom of the Pyramid: a market separations perspective. Journal of Information Technology, 28(4), 279-295.
Arunachalam, S., Bahadir, S. C., Bharadwaj, S. G., & Guesalaga, R. (2020). New product introductions for low-income consumers in emerging markets. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 914-940.
Shepherd, D. A., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2021). Entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation: the importance of health and children’s education for slum entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(2), 350-385.
Beninger, S., & Robson, K. (2015). Marketing at the base of the pyramid: Perspectives for practitioners and academics. Business Horizons, 58(5), 509-516
Jacob, J., Vieites, Y., Goldszmidt, R., & Andrade, E. B. (2022). Expected Socioeconomic-Status-Based Discrimination Reduces Price Sensitivity Among the Poor. Journal of Marketing Research, 59(6), 1083-1100.
Anderson, Stephen J., et al. "Modernizing Retailers in an Emerging Market: Investigating Externally Focused and Internally Focused Approaches." Journal of Marketing Research 59.3 (2022): 472-496.
Cova, B., Barès, F., & Nemani, A. (2021). Creating a brand community at the bottom of the pyramid: The case of a Cameroonian music platform. Journal of Marketing Management, 37(9-10), 887-913.
Han, Y. J., Nunes, J. C., & Drèze, X. (2010). Signaling status with luxury goods: The role of brand prominence. Journal of marketing, 74(4), 15-30.
Metodologie Didattiche
fully asynchronous
TA consultations
Group work
Project Work
Modalità di verifica dell'apprendimento
Group interview and presentation of results (9 points)
Group work (15 points):
target exercises+ prototype and analysis (7.5)
campaign and distribution/price strategy (7.5)
Two open simulation (3 points): 1.5 each
In-person individual presentation: (3 point)
Bonus: 2 points for active participation in Perusall
Criteri per l’assegnazione dell’elaborato finale
Active attendance at the course;
Quality of the proposed issue for the thesis.
Settimana 1
What do we mean by Bottom of the Pyramid and Why do we care?
Asynchronous lesson
Understand the role of scarcity in everyday life
Identify key concepts in academic articles
E-tivities
Quiz
Write a comment
Related Material
Blocker, C., Zhang, J. Z., Hill, R. P., Roux, C., Corus, C., Hutton, M., ... & Minton, E. (2022). Rethinking scarcity and poverty: Building bridges for shared insight and impact. Journal of Consumer Psychology.
Goldsmith, K., Griskevicius, V., & Hamilton, R. (2020). Scarcity and consumer decision making: Is scarcity a mindset, a threat, a reference point, or a journey?. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 5(4), 358-364
Simanis, E., & Duke, D. (2014). Profits at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Harvard Business Review. Optional reading
Original Video-Content
Introduction of the module
Bottom of the Pyramid and Scarcity
Intro to Mattel
Interactive interview with Mattel
Curated Materials
Introduction to the interview
HBR article: https://hbr.org/2014/10/profits-at-the-bottom-of-the-pyrLinks to an external site.amid
Settimana 2
Incidental Scarcity and Compensatory consumption
Asynchronous lesson
Understand the concept of incidental scarcity
Identify different types of compensatory mechanisms
Assess compensatory strategies in everyday life
Synchronous lesson
TA Session:
Discuss papers and exercises in the curated materials part
The students will discuss the papers of the week with Antea first in break out rooms with each other and then with Antea in the plenary session
E-tivities
Matching Test (not graded)
Write a comment (not graded)
Related Material
Roux, C., Goldsmith, K., & Bonezzi, A. (2015). On the psychology of scarcity: When reminders of resource scarcity promote selfish (and generous) behavior. Journal of consumer research, 42(4), 615-631.
Mandel, N., Rucker, D. D., Levav, J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2017). The compensatory consumer behavior model: How self-discrepancies drive consumer behavior Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(1), 133-146.
Sharma, E., & Alter, A. L. (2012). Financial deprivation prompts consumers to seek scarce goods. Journal of Consumer research, 39(3), 545-560. Optional reading
Tully, S. M., Hershfield, H. E., & Meyvis, T. (2015). Seeking lasting enjoyment with limited money: Financial constraints increase preference for material goods over experiences. Journal of Consumer research, 42(1), 59-75. Optional reading
Paley, A., Tully, S. M., & Sharma, E. (2019). Too constrained to converse: The effect of financial constraints on word of mouth. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(5), 889-905. Optional reading
Sharma, E., Mazar, N., Alter, A. L., & Ariely, D. (2014). Financial deprivation selectively shifts moral standards and compromises moral decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123(2), 90-100. Optional reading
Original Video-Content
Incidental scarcity 1 (5 min)
Incidental scarcity 2 (10 min)
Coping strategies 1 (5 min)
Coping strategies 2 (10 min)
Curated Materials
1 video (Canada - 15 min): https://www.canada.ca/en/financial-consumer-agency/programs/research/post-symposium-research-report-financial-well-being-canadians/resource-scarcity-shape-consumer-behaviour.hLinks to an external site.
HBR article (10 min): When Consumers Feel Less Powerful, They Seek More Variety https://hbr.org/2022/10/research-when-consumers-feel-less-powerful-they-seek-more-variety#:~:text=Again%2C%20we%20found%20that%20when,they%20will%20make%20a%20purchaseLinks to an external site.
Links to an external site.Forbes article (10 min): https://www.forbes.com/sites/henrydevries/2019/09/10/the-four-social-media-horsemen-of-the-scarcity-apocalypse/?sh=14382c767b03
Settimana 3
Conditional Scarcity and Social Comparison
Asynchronous lesson
Understand the concept of conditional scarcity
Compare different social classes
Elaborate how social classes differ in consumption habits
Synchronous lesson
How to conduct an interview
The students will be presented with some examples on good practices on how to conduct an interview
E-tivities
Quiz
Write a short reflection
Related Material
Baumann, S., Szabo, M., & Johnston, J. (2019). Understanding the food preferences of people of low socioeconomic status. Journal of Consumer Culture, 19(3), 316-339.
Vieites, Y., Goldszmidt, R., & Andrade, E. B. (2022). Social class shapes donation allocation preferences. Journal of Consumer Research, 48(5), 775-795.
Original Video-Content
Introduction to prof. Mei’s video
Video on food consumption in Brazil 1 & 2
Curated Materials
Podcast: https://www.upnextpodcast.com/episode-222/Links to an external site.
Materials about Brazil
Template for the interview
Taherdoost, H. (2022). How to Conduct an Effective Interview; A Guide to Interview Design in Research Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 11(1), 39-51.
Video on Marx and Bourdieu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eWLDuWnEbwLinks to an external site.
Settimana 4
Episodic Scarcity and the Poverty Cycle
Asynchronous lesson
Compare different experiences of episodic scarcity
Interview consumers on their relation with scarcity
Synchronous lesson
TA Session:
How to transcribe and analyze an interview
The students will listen to information on how to transcribe and analyze an interview
E-tivities
Quizz
Submit the audio of the interviews
Related Materials
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. science, 341(6149), 976-980.
Salisbury, L. C., Nenkov, G. Y., Blanchard, S. J., Hill, R. P., Brown, A. L., & Martin, K. D. EXPRESS: Beyond Income: Dynamic Consumer Financial Vulnerability. Journal of Marketing, 0022242922115091
Original Video-Content
Episodic Scarcity
Interview with the student
Intro to FAO
Interactive interview with FAO
Curated Material
Video scarcity and attention Shafir:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gV1ESN8NGh8Links to an external site.
Forbes Article: https://www.forbes.com/sites/christophermarquis/2020/09/08/business-social-innovation-to-tackle-cycles-of-poverty/?sh=192abf2bc36cLinks to an external site.
How to transcribe and analyze an interview
Materials for the interactive interview
Settimana 5
Chronic Scarcity and the Stigma that Comes with it
Asynchronous lesson
Contrast the stereotypical idea of poor consumer
Analyze the key dilemmas associated with scarcity
Summarize the key findings of an interview in an effective way
Synchronous lesson
Discuss the findings from the students' survey and compare them with the reading
The students will listen to the summary of the survey. They will then discuss the differences/similarities between the findings and the readings in break-out rooms. Finally, there will be a plenary discussion.
E-tivities
Quiz
Related Materials
Hagerty, S. F., & Barasz, K. (2020). Inequality in socially permissible consumption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(25), 14084-14093.
Whillans, A., & West, C. (2022). Alleviating time poverty among the working poor: a pre-registered longitudinal field experiment. Scientific reports, 12(1), 1-17
Hill, R. P., & Stamey, M. (1990). The homeless in America: An examination of possessions and consumption behaviors. Journal of consumer research, 17(3), 303-321. Optional reading
Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of consumer research, 15(2), 139-168. Optional reading
Rank, M. R., Yoon, H. S., & Hirschl, T. A. (2003). American poverty as a structural failing: Evidence and arguments. J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare, 30, 3. Optional reading
Gorski, P. C. (2017). Reaching and teaching students in poverty: Strategies for erasing the opportunity gap. Teachers College Press. Optional reading
Lee, J. S., & Bowen, N. K. (2006). Parent involvement, cultural capital, and the achievement gap among elementary school children. American educational research journal, 43(2), 193-218. Optional reading
Original Video-Content
Chronic Scarcity 1
Chronic Scarcity 2
Intro to Banco Alimentare
Interactive Interview with Banco Alimentare
Curated Materials
Answer a survey on permissible consumption (this activity will be the first of the week)
Materials for the interactive interview
HBR podcast: https://hbr.org/podcast/2019/11/a-nobel-prize-winner-on-rethinking-poverty-and-busineLinks to an external site.ss
Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2013/10/28/five-stereotypes-about-poor-families-and-education/
Settimana 6
Innovation at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Asynchronous lesson
Identify successful elements in an innovation
Analyze the market
Justify the decision for a strategy
Synchronous lesson
TA Session:
Discuss targeting with some examples
The students will listen to some information about how to identify a target. Then, they will do a short exercise in groups and discuss that with Antea.
E-tivities
Submit the target (5%)
Quizz
Related Materials
Prahalad, C. K. (2012). Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations. Journal of product innovation management, 29(1), 6-12.
Prahalad, C. K., Fruehauf, H. C., & Prahalad, K. (2005). The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Wharton School Pub Optional reading
Hart, S. L. (2005). Capitalism at the crossroads: The unlimited business opportunities in solving the world's most difficult problems. Pearson Education. Optional reading
Ray , P. K. , and Ray , S. 2010 . Resource-constrained innovation for emerging economies: The case of the Indian telecommunications industry . IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 57 ( 1 ): 144 – 156 . Optional reading
Williamson , P. J. 2010 . Cost innovation: Preparing for a “value-formoney” revolution . Long Range Planning 3 ( 2–3 ): 343 – 353. Optional reading
Original Video-Content
nnovation at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Two examples of innovation at the BoP
Intro to LVenture Group
Interactive Interview with LVenture Group
Curated Materials
Information about targeting: general info https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/target-market.aspLinks to an external site.
How to target consumers using survey: https://www.surveymonkey.com/resources/identify-and-reach-your-target-market-with-surveysLinks to an external site./
PPT from Boston Analytics on BoP in India and examples of innovation at BoP (secondary data to be used for target exercise): https://bostonanalytics.com/images/The-Rising-Bottom-of-the-Pyramid-in-India.Links to an external site.pdf
Overview of MPedegree
Examples of pitch to be used before the interview
Settimana 7
The Challenges of Digitalization and New Technologies at the BoP
Asynchronous lesson
Identify tensions in launching new technologies
Propose actionable solutions for a company
Synchronous lesson
Q&A on the case to solve
The students will ask questions about the simulation and how to solve that before submitting the assignment.
E-tivities
Solve the case following the interactive interview (5%)
Quiz
Related Materials
Bhattacharyya, A., & Belk, R. W. (2019). Consumer resilience and subservience in technology consumption by the poor. Consumption Markets & Culture, 22(5-6), 489-507
Arunachalam, S., Bahadir, S. C., Bharadwaj, S. G., & Guesalaga, R. (2020). New product introductions for low-income consumers in emerging markets. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 914-940
Original Video-Content
Digitalization and new technology at the BoP
Digitalization and new technologies at the bottom of the pyramid- Connection to the papers
Intro to Angela Sansone
Interactive Interview with Angela Sansone
Curated Materials
Overview PESTEL:https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_international-business/s12-02-pestel-globalization-and-impor.htmlLinks to an external site.
Video on digitalization at the BoP : Prashanth Pinnamaneni: Breaking Barriers with Technology
Info for the assignment: video on prototype
Template with the steps to come up with a new product
Materials for the interview
Settimana 8
Entrepreneurship at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Asynchronous lesson
Understand the role of entrepreneurship at the BoP
Develop a new product
Synchronous lesson
TA Session:
Q&A on the assignment
The students will ask questions about the assignment.
E-tivities
Submission of prototype with supporting analysis (20%)
Quiz
Related Materials
Shepherd, D. A., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2021). Entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation: the importance of health and children’s education for slum entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(2), 35
Original Video-Content
Intro to prof Maiolino
Interview with Riccardo Maiolino
Interactive Interview with Banco Alimentare
Curated Materials
Video designing business to end poverty:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apgCZqGz_ekLinks to an external site.
Video entrepreneurship in least developed country:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKTDZft21-8Links to an external site.
Materials for the interactive interview
Settimana 9
How to Communicate at BoP
Asynchronous lesson
Reflect on what makes a communication campaign successful
Criticize existing communication campaigns
Synchronous lesson
Discuss campaigns both from what they learn in the simulation and the examples in the curated materials
The students will be divided into break-out rooms and discuss some campaigns. We will then have a plenary session to hear the students' insights and discuss them altogether.
E-tivities
Quiz
Write a short reflection
Related Materials
Beninger, S., & Robson, K. (2015). Marketing at the base of the pyramid: Perspectives for practitioners and academics. Business Horizons, 58(5), 509-51
Original Video-Content
How to develop a marketing strategy
Communication models for BoP
Intro to Colgate- Palmolive
Interactive interview with Colgate-Palmolive
Curated Materials
Video of P&G:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoHeBnuVg5ILinks to an external site.
Video of P&G: Thank you mom
Examples of campaigns to analyze
Materials for the interactive interview
Settimana 10
Pricing and Distribution Strategy at BoP
Asynchronous lesson
Understand how to develop a pricing and distribution strategy at BoP
Propose actionable solutions for a company
Synchronous lesson
TA Session:
Q&A on simulation/assignment (discuss distribution and pricing)
The students will ask questions about the assignments of the week.
E-tivities
Solve the simulation case (5%)
Quiz
Related Materials
Jacob, J., Vieites, Y., Goldszmidt, R., & Andrade, E. B. (2022). Expected Socioeconomic-Status-Based Discrimination Reduces Price Sensitivity Among the Poor. Journal of Marketing Research, 59(6), 1083-1100.
Anderson, Stephen J., et al. "Modernizing Retailers in an Emerging Market: Investigating Externally Focused and Internally Focused Approaches." Journal of Marketing Research 59.3 (2022): 472-496.
Vachani, S., & Smith, N. C. (2008). Socially responsible distribution: distribution strategies for reaching the bottom of the pyramid. California Management Review, 50(2), 52-84. Optional reading
Original Video-Content
Pricing and Distribution
Intro to Francesca Bracci
Interactive interview with Francesca Bracci
Curated Materials
Video Coca Cola in India (10 min):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STaDeKZUPLinks to an external site.no
Reading about ghetto tax: https://www.ama.org/2023/04/04/psychological-ghetto-tax-the-poor-pay-more-to-avoid-discrimination/Links to an external site.
Template for distribution and pricing
Materials for the interactive interview
Settimana 11
The Role of Brands at the BoP
Asynchronous lesson
Compare different branding strategies
Elaborate a strategy for the launch of a new product
Synchronous lesson
Q&A assignment
The students will ask questions about the assignment.
E-tivities
Submission of the campaign and the distribution strategy/ price (25%)
Quiz
Related Materials
Cova, B., Barès, F., & Nemani, A. (2021). Creating a brand community at the bottom of the pyramid: The case of a Cameroonian music platform. Journal of Marketing Management, 37(9-10), 887-913.
Han, Y. J., Nunes, J. C., & Drèze, X. (2010). Signaling status with luxury goods: The role of brand prominence. Journal of marketing, 74(4), 15-30.
Original Video-Content
Intro to Magini
Interactive interview with Angelini
Interactive interview with Francesco Magini
Curated Materials
Article on Aldi: https://www.marketingweek.com/aldi-low-prices-carrot-brand-yeLinks to an external site.ar/
Materials for the interviews
Settimana 12
Developing your Own Strategy
Asynchronous lesson
Present a strategy in an effective way
Exhibit understanding of the key concepts related to the module
Synchronous lesson
Antea ed Emanuela: 2 hours (for presentations)
The students will present their final assignment.
E-tivities
Presentation of the assignment (10%)
Quiz
Related Materials
Schaefers, T., Narayanamurthy, G., Moser, R., & Leban, M. (2021). The sharing economy at the base of the economic pyramid: How access‐based services can help overcome ownership risks. Psychology & Marketing, 38(11), 2073-2088.
Original Video-Content
Overview of the main topics
New trends
Intro to Enel X
Interactive interview with Enel X
Curated Materials
Video on Covid-19 or Economic Crisis
Materials for the interview
Template for the assignment