MARKETING AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID

EMANUELA STAGNO, Antea Gambicorti

Obiettivi formativi

This course will explore how to understand consumers at the Bottom of the Pyramid and how to develop successful strategies to address consumers’ needs. The module is divided into three macro-topics: consumer behavior, innovation, and strategy. During the first five weeks, the students will learn more about the concepts of scarcity and how scarcity is experienced at different social and cultural levels. The students will gain a better understanding of consumers’ psychology and needs. During the remaining part of the course, the students will develop competencies in the domains of innovation and marketing strategy. That knowledge is fundamental to understand how companies operate in such a specific market. The course will allow the students to have a unique perspective on a market which is often neglected (the market of the poorest people in the world) but which still represents one of the most profitable segments. Moreover, the course will allow students to develop their sensitivity on matters related to diversity, inclusion, and equality which will provide them with a competitive advantage for their future careers.

Prerequisiti

There are not prerequisites

Risultati di apprendimento attesi

By the end of this course students will be able to: Knowledge and understanding Understand the concepts of incidental, conditional, episodic, and chronic scarcity Identify successful elements in developing products and services for consumers at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) Understand how to develop a marketing strategy, including a pricing and distribution strategy at BoP Applying knowledge and understanding Interview and assess how consumers cope with different types of scarcity in everyday life Contrast the stereotypical idea of poor consumer Analyze a target and decide on a successful strategy to address the target’s needs Develop a new product and justify the decision for a strategy Making Judgements Compare different consumers’ habits depending on their relation with scarcity Criticize and compare existing marketing strategies (e.g., communication, pricing, and distribution) of companies operating at the BoP Judge the key elements of an innovation at the BoP Communication Skills Summarize and present the key findings of an analysis in an effective way Elaborate a strategy for the launch of a new product Present a strategy in an effective way Learning Skills Propose actionable solutions for a company Exhibit understanding of the key concepts related to the module

Contenuti Del Corso

The contents are divided into three macro areas: - Consumer Behavior - Innovation - Marketing Strategy

Testi Di Riferimento

Blocker, C., Zhang, J. Z., Hill, R. P., Roux, C., Corus, C., Hutton, M., ... & Minton, E. (2022). Rethinking scarcity and poverty: Building bridges for shared insight and impact. Journal of Consumer Psychology. Goldsmith, K., Griskevicius, V., & Hamilton, R. (2020). Scarcity and consumer decision making: Is scarcity a mindset, a threat, a reference point, or a journey?. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 5(4), 358-364. Roux, C., Goldsmith, K., & Bonezzi, A. (2015). On the psychology of scarcity: When reminders of resource scarcity promote selfish (and generous) behavior. Journal of consumer research, 42(4), 615-631. Mandel, N., Rucker, D. D., Levav, J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2017). The compensatory consumer behavior model: How self-discrepancies drive consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(1), 133-146. Hagerty, S. F., & Barasz, K. (2020). Inequality in socially permissible consumption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(25), 14084-14093. Whillans, A., & West, C. (2022). Alleviating time poverty among the working poor: a pre-registered longitudinal field experiment. Scientific reports, 12(1), 1-17 Prahalad, C. K. (2012). Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations. Journal of product innovation management, 29(1), 6-12 Bhattacharyya, A., & Belk, R. W. (2019). Consumer resilience and subservience in technology consumption by the poor. Consumption Markets & Culture, 22(5-6), 489-507 Tarafdar, M., Singh, R., & Anekal, P. (2013). Impact of ICT-enabled product and process innovations at the Bottom of the Pyramid: a market separations perspective. Journal of Information Technology, 28(4), 279-295. Arunachalam, S., Bahadir, S. C., Bharadwaj, S. G., & Guesalaga, R. (2020). New product introductions for low-income consumers in emerging markets. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 914-940. Shepherd, D. A., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2021). Entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation: the importance of health and children’s education for slum entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(2), 350-385. Beninger, S., & Robson, K. (2015). Marketing at the base of the pyramid: Perspectives for practitioners and academics. Business Horizons, 58(5), 509-516 Jacob, J., Vieites, Y., Goldszmidt, R., & Andrade, E. B. (2022). Expected Socioeconomic-Status-Based Discrimination Reduces Price Sensitivity Among the Poor. Journal of Marketing Research, 59(6), 1083-1100. Anderson, Stephen J., et al. "Modernizing Retailers in an Emerging Market: Investigating Externally Focused and Internally Focused Approaches." Journal of Marketing Research 59.3 (2022): 472-496. Cova, B., Barès, F., & Nemani, A. (2021). Creating a brand community at the bottom of the pyramid: The case of a Cameroonian music platform. Journal of Marketing Management, 37(9-10), 887-913. Han, Y. J., Nunes, J. C., & Drèze, X. (2010). Signaling status with luxury goods: The role of brand prominence. Journal of marketing, 74(4), 15-30.

Metodologie Didattiche

fully asynchronous TA consultations Group work Project Work

Modalità di verifica dell'apprendimento

Group interview and presentation of results (9 points) Group work (15 points): target exercises+ prototype and analysis (7.5) campaign and distribution/price strategy (7.5) Two open simulation (3 points): 1.5 each In-person individual presentation: (3 point) Bonus: 2 points for active participation in Perusall

Criteri per l’assegnazione dell’elaborato finale

Active attendance at the course; Quality of the proposed issue for the thesis.

Settimana 1

What do we mean by Bottom of the Pyramid and Why do we care? Asynchronous lesson Understand the role of scarcity in everyday life Identify key concepts in academic articles E-tivities Quiz Write a comment Related Material Blocker, C., Zhang, J. Z., Hill, R. P., Roux, C., Corus, C., Hutton, M., ... & Minton, E. (2022). Rethinking scarcity and poverty: Building bridges for shared insight and impact. Journal of Consumer Psychology. Goldsmith, K., Griskevicius, V., & Hamilton, R. (2020). Scarcity and consumer decision making: Is scarcity a mindset, a threat, a reference point, or a journey?. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 5(4), 358-364 Simanis, E., & Duke, D. (2014). Profits at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Harvard Business Review. Optional reading Original Video-Content Introduction of the module Bottom of the Pyramid and Scarcity Intro to Mattel Interactive interview with Mattel Curated Materials Introduction to the interview HBR article: https://hbr.org/2014/10/profits-at-the-bottom-of-the-pyrLinks to an external site.amid

Settimana 2

Incidental Scarcity and Compensatory consumption Asynchronous lesson Understand the concept of incidental scarcity Identify different types of compensatory mechanisms Assess compensatory strategies in everyday life Synchronous lesson TA Session: Discuss papers and exercises in the curated materials part The students will discuss the papers of the week with Antea first in break out rooms with each other and then with Antea in the plenary session E-tivities Matching Test (not graded) Write a comment (not graded) Related Material Roux, C., Goldsmith, K., & Bonezzi, A. (2015). On the psychology of scarcity: When reminders of resource scarcity promote selfish (and generous) behavior. Journal of consumer research, 42(4), 615-631. Mandel, N., Rucker, D. D., Levav, J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2017). The compensatory consumer behavior model: How self-discrepancies drive consumer behavior Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(1), 133-146. Sharma, E., & Alter, A. L. (2012). Financial deprivation prompts consumers to seek scarce goods. Journal of Consumer research, 39(3), 545-560. Optional reading Tully, S. M., Hershfield, H. E., & Meyvis, T. (2015). Seeking lasting enjoyment with limited money: Financial constraints increase preference for material goods over experiences. Journal of Consumer research, 42(1), 59-75. Optional reading Paley, A., Tully, S. M., & Sharma, E. (2019). Too constrained to converse: The effect of financial constraints on word of mouth. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(5), 889-905. Optional reading Sharma, E., Mazar, N., Alter, A. L., & Ariely, D. (2014). Financial deprivation selectively shifts moral standards and compromises moral decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123(2), 90-100. Optional reading Original Video-Content Incidental scarcity 1 (5 min) Incidental scarcity 2 (10 min) Coping strategies 1 (5 min) Coping strategies 2 (10 min) Curated Materials 1 video (Canada - 15 min): https://www.canada.ca/en/financial-consumer-agency/programs/research/post-symposium-research-report-financial-well-being-canadians/resource-scarcity-shape-consumer-behaviour.hLinks to an external site. HBR article (10 min): When Consumers Feel Less Powerful, They Seek More Variety https://hbr.org/2022/10/research-when-consumers-feel-less-powerful-they-seek-more-variety#:~:text=Again%2C%20we%20found%20that%20when,they%20will%20make%20a%20purchaseLinks to an external site. Links to an external site.Forbes article (10 min): https://www.forbes.com/sites/henrydevries/2019/09/10/the-four-social-media-horsemen-of-the-scarcity-apocalypse/?sh=14382c767b03

Settimana 3

Conditional Scarcity and Social Comparison Asynchronous lesson Understand the concept of conditional scarcity Compare different social classes Elaborate how social classes differ in consumption habits Synchronous lesson How to conduct an interview The students will be presented with some examples on good practices on how to conduct an interview E-tivities Quiz Write a short reflection Related Material Baumann, S., Szabo, M., & Johnston, J. (2019). Understanding the food preferences of people of low socioeconomic status. Journal of Consumer Culture, 19(3), 316-339. Vieites, Y., Goldszmidt, R., & Andrade, E. B. (2022). Social class shapes donation allocation preferences. Journal of Consumer Research, 48(5), 775-795. Original Video-Content Introduction to prof. Mei’s video Video on food consumption in Brazil 1 & 2 Curated Materials Podcast: https://www.upnextpodcast.com/episode-222/Links to an external site. Materials about Brazil Template for the interview Taherdoost, H. (2022). How to Conduct an Effective Interview; A Guide to Interview Design in Research Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 11(1), 39-51. Video on Marx and Bourdieu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eWLDuWnEbwLinks to an external site.

Settimana 4

Episodic Scarcity and the Poverty Cycle Asynchronous lesson Compare different experiences of episodic scarcity Interview consumers on their relation with scarcity Synchronous lesson TA Session: How to transcribe and analyze an interview The students will listen to information on how to transcribe and analyze an interview E-tivities Quizz Submit the audio of the interviews Related Materials Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. science, 341(6149), 976-980. Salisbury, L. C., Nenkov, G. Y., Blanchard, S. J., Hill, R. P., Brown, A. L., & Martin, K. D. EXPRESS: Beyond Income: Dynamic Consumer Financial Vulnerability. Journal of Marketing, 0022242922115091 Original Video-Content Episodic Scarcity Interview with the student Intro to FAO Interactive interview with FAO Curated Material Video scarcity and attention Shafir:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gV1ESN8NGh8Links to an external site. Forbes Article: https://www.forbes.com/sites/christophermarquis/2020/09/08/business-social-innovation-to-tackle-cycles-of-poverty/?sh=192abf2bc36cLinks to an external site. How to transcribe and analyze an interview Materials for the interactive interview

Settimana 5

Chronic Scarcity and the Stigma that Comes with it Asynchronous lesson Contrast the stereotypical idea of poor consumer Analyze the key dilemmas associated with scarcity Summarize the key findings of an interview in an effective way Synchronous lesson Discuss the findings from the students' survey and compare them with the reading The students will listen to the summary of the survey. They will then discuss the differences/similarities between the findings and the readings in break-out rooms. Finally, there will be a plenary discussion. E-tivities Quiz Related Materials Hagerty, S. F., & Barasz, K. (2020). Inequality in socially permissible consumption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(25), 14084-14093. Whillans, A., & West, C. (2022). Alleviating time poverty among the working poor: a pre-registered longitudinal field experiment. Scientific reports, 12(1), 1-17 Hill, R. P., & Stamey, M. (1990). The homeless in America: An examination of possessions and consumption behaviors. Journal of consumer research, 17(3), 303-321. Optional reading Belk, R. W. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of consumer research, 15(2), 139-168. Optional reading Rank, M. R., Yoon, H. S., & Hirschl, T. A. (2003). American poverty as a structural failing: Evidence and arguments. J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare, 30, 3. Optional reading Gorski, P. C. (2017). Reaching and teaching students in poverty: Strategies for erasing the opportunity gap. Teachers College Press. Optional reading Lee, J. S., & Bowen, N. K. (2006). Parent involvement, cultural capital, and the achievement gap among elementary school children. American educational research journal, 43(2), 193-218. Optional reading Original Video-Content Chronic Scarcity 1 Chronic Scarcity 2 Intro to Banco Alimentare Interactive Interview with Banco Alimentare Curated Materials Answer a survey on permissible consumption (this activity will be the first of the week) Materials for the interactive interview HBR podcast: https://hbr.org/podcast/2019/11/a-nobel-prize-winner-on-rethinking-poverty-and-busineLinks to an external site.ss Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2013/10/28/five-stereotypes-about-poor-families-and-education/

Settimana 6

Innovation at the Bottom of the Pyramid Asynchronous lesson Identify successful elements in an innovation Analyze the market Justify the decision for a strategy Synchronous lesson TA Session: Discuss targeting with some examples The students will listen to some information about how to identify a target. Then, they will do a short exercise in groups and discuss that with Antea. E-tivities Submit the target (5%) Quizz Related Materials Prahalad, C. K. (2012). Bottom of the pyramid as a source of breakthrough innovations. Journal of product innovation management, 29(1), 6-12. Prahalad, C. K., Fruehauf, H. C., & Prahalad, K. (2005). The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Wharton School Pub Optional reading Hart, S. L. (2005). Capitalism at the crossroads: The unlimited business opportunities in solving the world's most difficult problems. Pearson Education. Optional reading Ray , P. K. , and Ray , S. 2010 . Resource-constrained innovation for emerging economies: The case of the Indian telecommunications industry . IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 57 ( 1 ): 144 – 156 . Optional reading Williamson , P. J. 2010 . Cost innovation: Preparing for a “value-formoney” revolution . Long Range Planning 3 ( 2–3 ): 343 – 353. Optional reading Original Video-Content nnovation at the Bottom of the Pyramid Two examples of innovation at the BoP Intro to LVenture Group Interactive Interview with LVenture Group Curated Materials Information about targeting: general info https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/target-market.aspLinks to an external site. How to target consumers using survey: https://www.surveymonkey.com/resources/identify-and-reach-your-target-market-with-surveysLinks to an external site./ PPT from Boston Analytics on BoP in India and examples of innovation at BoP (secondary data to be used for target exercise): https://bostonanalytics.com/images/The-Rising-Bottom-of-the-Pyramid-in-India.Links to an external site.pdf Overview of MPedegree Examples of pitch to be used before the interview

Settimana 7

The Challenges of Digitalization and New Technologies at the BoP Asynchronous lesson Identify tensions in launching new technologies Propose actionable solutions for a company Synchronous lesson Q&A on the case to solve The students will ask questions about the simulation and how to solve that before submitting the assignment. E-tivities Solve the case following the interactive interview (5%) Quiz Related Materials Bhattacharyya, A., & Belk, R. W. (2019). Consumer resilience and subservience in technology consumption by the poor. Consumption Markets & Culture, 22(5-6), 489-507 Arunachalam, S., Bahadir, S. C., Bharadwaj, S. G., & Guesalaga, R. (2020). New product introductions for low-income consumers in emerging markets. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 914-940 Original Video-Content Digitalization and new technology at the BoP Digitalization and new technologies at the bottom of the pyramid- Connection to the papers Intro to Angela Sansone Interactive Interview with Angela Sansone Curated Materials Overview PESTEL:https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_international-business/s12-02-pestel-globalization-and-impor.htmlLinks to an external site. Video on digitalization at the BoP : Prashanth Pinnamaneni: Breaking Barriers with Technology Info for the assignment: video on prototype Template with the steps to come up with a new product Materials for the interview

Settimana 8

Entrepreneurship at the Bottom of the Pyramid Asynchronous lesson Understand the role of entrepreneurship at the BoP Develop a new product Synchronous lesson TA Session: Q&A on the assignment The students will ask questions about the assignment. E-tivities Submission of prototype with supporting analysis (20%) Quiz Related Materials Shepherd, D. A., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2021). Entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation: the importance of health and children’s education for slum entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(2), 35 Original Video-Content Intro to prof Maiolino Interview with Riccardo Maiolino Interactive Interview with Banco Alimentare Curated Materials Video designing business to end poverty:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apgCZqGz_ekLinks to an external site. Video entrepreneurship in least developed country:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKTDZft21-8Links to an external site. Materials for the interactive interview

Settimana 9

How to Communicate at BoP Asynchronous lesson Reflect on what makes a communication campaign successful Criticize existing communication campaigns Synchronous lesson Discuss campaigns both from what they learn in the simulation and the examples in the curated materials The students will be divided into break-out rooms and discuss some campaigns. We will then have a plenary session to hear the students' insights and discuss them altogether. E-tivities Quiz Write a short reflection Related Materials Beninger, S., & Robson, K. (2015). Marketing at the base of the pyramid: Perspectives for practitioners and academics. Business Horizons, 58(5), 509-51 Original Video-Content How to develop a marketing strategy Communication models for BoP Intro to Colgate- Palmolive Interactive interview with Colgate-Palmolive Curated Materials Video of P&G:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoHeBnuVg5ILinks to an external site. Video of P&G: Thank you mom Examples of campaigns to analyze Materials for the interactive interview

Settimana 10

Pricing and Distribution Strategy at BoP Asynchronous lesson Understand how to develop a pricing and distribution strategy at BoP Propose actionable solutions for a company Synchronous lesson TA Session: Q&A on simulation/assignment (discuss distribution and pricing) The students will ask questions about the assignments of the week. E-tivities Solve the simulation case (5%) Quiz Related Materials Jacob, J., Vieites, Y., Goldszmidt, R., & Andrade, E. B. (2022). Expected Socioeconomic-Status-Based Discrimination Reduces Price Sensitivity Among the Poor. Journal of Marketing Research, 59(6), 1083-1100. Anderson, Stephen J., et al. "Modernizing Retailers in an Emerging Market: Investigating Externally Focused and Internally Focused Approaches." Journal of Marketing Research 59.3 (2022): 472-496. Vachani, S., & Smith, N. C. (2008). Socially responsible distribution: distribution strategies for reaching the bottom of the pyramid. California Management Review, 50(2), 52-84. Optional reading Original Video-Content Pricing and Distribution Intro to Francesca Bracci Interactive interview with Francesca Bracci Curated Materials Video Coca Cola in India (10 min):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STaDeKZUPLinks to an external site.no Reading about ghetto tax: https://www.ama.org/2023/04/04/psychological-ghetto-tax-the-poor-pay-more-to-avoid-discrimination/Links to an external site. Template for distribution and pricing Materials for the interactive interview

Settimana 11

The Role of Brands at the BoP Asynchronous lesson Compare different branding strategies Elaborate a strategy for the launch of a new product Synchronous lesson Q&A assignment The students will ask questions about the assignment. E-tivities Submission of the campaign and the distribution strategy/ price (25%) Quiz Related Materials Cova, B., Barès, F., & Nemani, A. (2021). Creating a brand community at the bottom of the pyramid: The case of a Cameroonian music platform. Journal of Marketing Management, 37(9-10), 887-913. Han, Y. J., Nunes, J. C., & Drèze, X. (2010). Signaling status with luxury goods: The role of brand prominence. Journal of marketing, 74(4), 15-30. Original Video-Content Intro to Magini Interactive interview with Angelini Interactive interview with Francesco Magini Curated Materials Article on Aldi: https://www.marketingweek.com/aldi-low-prices-carrot-brand-yeLinks to an external site.ar/ Materials for the interviews

Settimana 12

Developing your Own Strategy Asynchronous lesson Present a strategy in an effective way Exhibit understanding of the key concepts related to the module Synchronous lesson Antea ed Emanuela: 2 hours (for presentations) The students will present their final assignment. E-tivities Presentation of the assignment (10%) Quiz Related Materials Schaefers, T., Narayanamurthy, G., Moser, R., & Leban, M. (2021). The sharing economy at the base of the economic pyramid: How access‐based services can help overcome ownership risks. Psychology & Marketing, 38(11), 2073-2088. Original Video-Content Overview of the main topics New trends Intro to Enel X Interactive interview with Enel X Curated Materials Video on Covid-19 or Economic Crisis Materials for the interview Template for the assignment