FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

Gabriella Foschini

Instructional goals

This course aims to introduce students to the fundamental concepts of financial mathematics and to provide them the quantitative tools for the solution of financial problems under certainty.

Intended learning outcomes

Knowledge and understanding: the student will acquire the theoretical elements for a correct methodological setting of quantitative finance problems in order to be able to understand the relevant terms and characteristics, he will be able to use problem solving techniques. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student will be able to solve questions relating to financial evaluations in the economic and business environment, he will be able to rationally choose among several alternatives and decide the best among several options. The exercises carried out during the course aim to use theoretical tools to arrive at clear numerical evaluations. Autonomy of judgment: the student will be aware of the results obtained through the knowledge of the theoretical / technical procedures followed to achieve them; will be able to formulate autonomous and objective judgments and will be able to recognize incorrect or inefficient solutions in an economic-business logic. Communication skills: the student will learn to communicate the results achieved in a simple, unambiguous, and clearly interpreted form, even and above all if they are the result of complex procedures and also to people with different cultural backgrounds, in order to facilitate the exchange of information in key of efficiency. Learning skills: the student will be able to carry out the activities of financial evaluator in the business and economic sphere, making use of the theory lessons and the applications carried out in the computer laboratory, enriched by interactions with the teacher.

Course Contents

Financial operations. Actuarial methods for calculating interests and discounts. Effective rates. Nominal rates. Capital markets. Term structure of prices and interest rates in capital markets. Yield to maturity. Annuities. Present value and accumulated value of an annuity. Annuities classification. Problems concerning constant annuities: determining present value, amounts to pay, number of payments, interest rate. Debt securities: bonds. Bootstrapping. Time and variability indexes. Evaluating and selecting economic-financial projects. Selection criteria: N.P.V., Final Value, T.R.M. and I.R.R. Amortizing a loan. Elementary approach vs. financial approach. Usufruct and bare ownership. Amortization methods. Setting-up a capital.

Reference Books

C. Crenca, P. Fersini, G. Melisi, G. Olivieri, M. Pelle, Elementi di Matematica Finanziaria - Pearson Italia, I ed – Marzo 2018 Additional material on the website learn.luiss.it

Teaching Methods

Lezione frontale teorica. Lezione frontale teorica e pratica (learning by doing). Lezione online. Test periodico online. Esercitazione, con divisione degli studenti in gruppi, per l’applicazione della teoria alla soluzione di problemi pratici con l’utilizzo di Excel.

Assessment Method

Methods for verifying learning for 2nd year students will consist of: a) ongoing assessment of the students' ability to set up and solve the exercises. All students, divided into groups, will have to solve the exercises assigned to them every week and, in turn, explain their progress by interacting with the TA. Each group will be evaluated both in the theoretical bases and in the numerical application and the evaluation will weigh for 30% of the final grade. b) written test (compulsory) to be taken in person (or online according to the university guidelines) in the official exam sessions: specifically 4 Excel exercises in 90 minutes, aimed at assessing the understanding and the ability to solve the fundamental problems of financial mathematics; the results of the written test will weigh 35% on the final evaluation. c) oral exam (mandatory) to be taken in person (or online according to university guidelines) in the official exam sessions: questions on the theory topics covered during the course. The evaluation of the oral exam will account for 35% of the final grade. The final evaluation of the oral exam will contribute, to the extent of 10% (out of the total 35%), the ongoing evaluations that each student will obtain by answering the questions administered weekly on Moodle, concerning the topics covered. Referring to Moodle's test rules (Moodle test about theory) the following rules will be applyed: A) it is not possible to go back (navigate) during the test B) wrong answer: -0.2 answer not given: 0 correct answer: +1 The ongoing activities (exercises with Excel and tests on Moodle) must be carried out by students for at least 80% of both. Those who do not respect this constraint, or who refuse the evaluation attributed by the teacher to the ongoing activity on excel and / or on moodle, will carry out the final written and oral tests respectively with a greater number of exercises for the same time and a greater number of questions, respectively. The evaluation of each test will weigh for 50% of the final mark. For all students of previous years, the rules in force in the year in which the course was followed apply.

Thesis assignment criteria

Strong interest and attitude towards quantitative subjects. Merit criterion which rewards the better prepared students.

Week 1 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Financial operations and functions. Financial Operations Basic financial operations. Investment operations: principal, accumulated value, interest, time period, maturity. Financing operations: amount due, present value, discount, time period, maturity. Financial Functions Accumulation function, Discount function Accumulation factor, Discount factor, Interest rates, Discount rates Relationships between financial functions Exercises in Excel: Financial operations, Financial functions. Reference: Chapter 1 (par. 1.1)

Week 2 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Actuarial methods for calculating interests and discounts and interest rates Simple interest Compound interest. Effective and nominal interest rates, Equivalent interest rates, Instantaneous interest rates Exercises in Excel: Simple interest, Compound interest, discount rates. Reference: Chapter 1 (par. 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.3.1)

Week 3 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Effective and nominal discount rates. Equivalent discount rates. Instantaneous discount rates. Actuarial methods for calculating interests and discounts Simple discount Comparing actuarial methods for calculating interests and discounts Exercises in Excel: Discount rates, Simple discount, Comparing actuarial methods for calculating interests and discounts. Reference: Chapter 1 (par. 1.2.3, 1.3.2)

Week 4 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Forces of interest and discount, Decomposability of financial laws Examples of financial operations Decomposability of financial laws. Accumulated value of spot and forward investments, Decomposable and uniform financial laws Decomposability of financial laws by using the force of interest Exercises in Excel: Decomposability of financial laws, Accumulated value of spot and forward investments. Reference: Chapter 1 (par. 1.5, 1.7)

Week 5 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Spot and forward operations Financial markets and spot, forward and futures prices. Hedging, speculation, arbitrage Financial operations: hedging, speculation, arbitrage Arbitrages Exercises in Excel: Arbitrages. Reference: Chapter 2 (par. 2.1, 2.2)

Week 6 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Prices and values in capital markets Relationship between prices and interest rates. Term structure of interest rates Yield curve Exercises in Excel: Term structure of interest rates. Reference: Chapter 2 (par. 2.4)

Week 7 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Financial agents' expectations Financial agents' expectations vs realizations Examples of arbitrage opportunities. No-arbitrage condition (using effective and instantaneous interest rates) Perfect and deterministic market Yield to maturity Exercises in Excel: Financial agents' expectations. Reference: Chapter 1 and 2 (par. 1.6, par. 2.3, 2.5, 2.7)

Week 8 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Introduction to annuities Complex financial operations Annuities: present value and accumulated value Annuities: classification. Finite-maturity annuities and perpetuities Finite-maturity annuities: present value and accumulated value Perpetuities: present value and accumulated value Exercises in Excel: Present value and accumulated value of annuities. Reference: Chapter 3 (par. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3)

Week 9 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Annuities with payments varying in progression, Inverse problems relative to annuities with constant payments Annuities with payments varying in geometric progression Annuities with payments varying in arithmetic progression Annuities with constant payments: determining present value, amounts to pay, number of payments. Inverse problems relative to annuities with constant payments, Bootstrapping, Financial indexes, Annuities with constant payments: determining interest rate, Bootstrapping Time and variability indexes: volatility and convexity Exercises in Excel: Annuities with payments varying in progression, Inverse problems relative to annuities with constant payments, Volatility and Convexity. Reference: Chapter 3 (par. 3.4) and Chapter 6. Handouts: Bootstrapping - Volatility & Convexity

Week 10 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Properties of economic-financial projects and selection criteria Economic-financial projects: definition and properties Selection criteria: properties and classification. Specific selection criteria • N.P.V. • Final Value • T.R.M. • I.R.R. Exercises in Excel: Economic-financial projects, Selection criteria. Reference: Chapter 5 (par. 5.1, 5.2. 5.3)

Week 11 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Introduction to amortization schedules, Italian amortization method Loans Amortization schedule with predetermined repayments of principal Amortization schedule with constant repayments of principal (Italian amortization method). French amortization method, Amortization schedule with predetermined payments Amortization schedule with constant payments (French amortization method) Setting-up capital Sinking fund (American amortization method) Exercises in Excel: Amortizing a loan, Setting-up a capital. Reference: Chapter 4 (par. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5)

Week 12 Contenuto sessioni on line e on campus

Outstanding loan balance, Usufruct and bare ownership,French amortization method with in-advance payments Leasing. Indexed loans, Bonds Indexed loans Bonds: quoted and actual prices Bond issue plans Exercises in Excel: Outstanding loan balance, usufruct and bare ownership, Bond issue plans. Reference: Chapter 4 (par. 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9) File Excel: Mutui Indicizzati