FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

Marilena Sibillo

Instructional goals

This course aims to introduce students to the fundamental concepts of financial mathematics and to provide them the quantitative tools for the solution of financial problems under certainty.

Intended learning outcomes

Knowledge and understanding: the student will learn the theoretical elements for a correct methodological approach to quantitative finance problems in order to understand their relevant terms and characteristics; he will be able to use problem-solving techniques. Applying knowledge and understanding: the student will be able to solve issues related to financial assessments in the economic and business environment, so that he or she can make a rational choice between several alternatives and decide the best of several options. The exercises carried out during the course aim to use theoretical tools to arrive at clear numerical evaluations. Criticism of judgment: the student will be aware of the results obtained through the knowledge of the theoretical/technical procedures followed to achieve them; he/she will be able to formulate autonomous and objective judgements and will be able to recognize wrong or inefficient solutions in an economic-firm logic. Communication skills: the student will learn to communicate in a simple, unambiguous and clear way the results achieved, even and especially if they are the result of complex procedures and also to people with different cultural backgrounds, in order to facilitate the exchange of information in an efficient way. Learning skills: the student will be able to carry out the activities of financial evaluator in the business and economic field, making use of the lessons of theory and applications carried out in the computer lab, enriched by interactions with the teacher.

Course Contents

Financial operations. Actuarial methods for calculating interests and discounts. Effective rates. Nominal rates. Capital markets. Term structure of prices and interest rates in capital markets. Yield to maturity. Annuities. Present value and accumulated value of an annuity. Annuities classification. Problems concerning constant annuities: determining present value, amounts to pay, number of payments, interest rate. Debt securities: bonds. Bootstrapping. Time and variability indexes. Evaluating and selecting economic-financial projects. Selection criteria: N.P.V., Final Value, T.R.M. and I.R.R. Amortizing a loan. Elementary approach vs. financial approach. Usufruct and bare ownership. Amortization methods. Setting-up a capital.

Reference Books

C. Crenca, P. Fersini, G. Melisi, G. Olivieri, M. Pelle, Elementi di Matematica Finanziaria - Pearson Italia, I ed – Marzo 2018 Additional material on the website learn.luiss.it

Teaching Methods

Theoretical frontal lesson. Theoretical and practical frontal lesson (learning by doing). Online lesson. Periodic online test. Exercise, with division of students into groups, for the application of theory to the solution of practical problems with the use of Excel.

Assessment Method

The methods for verifying learning for 2nd year students will consist of: a) ongoing assessment of the students' ability to set up and solve the exercises. All students, divided into groups, will have to solve the exercises assigned to them every week and, in turn, explain their progress by interacting with the TA. Each group will be evaluated both in the theoretical bases and in the numerical application and the evaluation will weigh for 30% of the final grade. b) written test (compulsory) to be taken in person (or online according to the university guidelines) in the official exam sessions: specifically 3/4 Excel exercises in 90 minutes, aimed at assessing the understanding and the ability to solve the fundamental problems of financial mathematics; the results of the written test will weigh 35% on the final evaluation. c) oral exam (mandatory) to be taken in person (or online according to university guidelines) in the official exam sessions: questions on the theory topics covered during the course. The evaluation of the oral exam will account for 35% of the final grade. The final evaluation of the oral exam will contribute, to the extent of 10% (out of the total 35%), the ongoing evaluations that each student will obtain by answering the questions administered weekly on Moodle, concerning the topics covered. It should be noted that, with reference to the conduct of the ongoing theory tests on Moodle, they consist of multiple choice questions and the following rules apply: A) it is not possible to go back (navigate) during the test B) wrong answer: -0.2 answer not given: 0 correct answer: +1 The ongoing activities (exercises with Excel and tests on Moodle) must be carried out by students for at least 80% of both. Those who do not respect this constraint, or who refuse the evaluation attributed by the teacher to the ongoing activity on excel and / or on moodle, will carry out the final written and oral tests respectively with a greater number of exercises for the same time and a greater number of questions, respectively. The evaluation of each test will weigh for 50% of the final mark. For all students of previous years, the rules in force in the year in which the course was followed apply.

Thesis assignment criteria

The final paper will be awarded on the basis of the evaluation of the interest and skills shown by the candidate in relation to the topics of Financial Mathematics and in particular of their applications in the economic and business fields.

Week 1

Financial Operations. Basic financial operations. Investment operations: principal, accumulated value, interest, time period, maturity. Financing operations: amount due, present value, discount, time period, maturity. Financial Functions. Accumulation function. Discount function. Accumulation factor. Discount factor. Interest rates. Discount rates. Relationships between financial functions. Exercises in Excel: Financial operations, Financial functions. Reference: Chapter 1 (par. 1.1)

Week 2

Financial laws. Simple interest. Compound interest. Effective and nominal interest rates. Equivalent interest rates. Instantaneous interest rates. Exercises in Excel: Simple interest, Compound interest, interest rates. Reference: Chapter 1 (par. 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.3.1)

Week 3

Effective and nominal discount rates. Equivalent discount rates. Instantaneous discount rates. Tha financial law of the anticipated interest: Simple discount. Comparing financial laws. Exercises in Excel: Discount rates, Simple discount, Comparison among financial laws. Reference: Chapter 1 (par. 1.2.3, 1.3.2)

Week 4

Forces of interest and discount. Decomposability of financial laws. Examples of financial operations. Accumulated value of spot and forward investments. Decomposable and uniform financial laws. Decomposability of financial laws by using the force of interest. Exercises in Excel: Decomposability of financial laws, Accumulated value of spot and forward investments. Reference: Chapter 1 (par. 1.5, 1.7)

Week 5

Spot and forward operations. Financial markets. Spot and forward prices. Hedging, speculation, arbitrage. Arbitrage operations. Exercises in Excel: Spot and Forward prices, Arbitrages. Reference: Chapter 2 (par. 2.1, 2.2)

Week 6

Prices and values in capital markets Relationship between prices and interest rates. Term structure of interest rates. Yield curve. Financial agents' expectations. Financial agents' expectations vs realizations. No-arbitrage condition (using effective and instantaneous interest rates). Yield to maturity. Perfect and deterministic market. Exercises in Excel: Term structure of interest rates. Exercises in Excel: Financial agents' expectations. Reference: Chapter 1 and 2 (par. 1.6, par. 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7)

Week 7

Introduction to annuities. Complex financial operations. Annuities: present value and accumulated value. Classification. Finite-maturity annuities and perpetuities. Fractional temporary annuities. Annuities with payments varying in geometric progression. Inverse problems relative to annuities with constant payments: determining present value, amounts to pay, number of payments. Determining the interest rate. Exercises in Excel: Present value and accumulated value of annuities, Annuities with payments varying in geometric progression, Inverse problems relative to annuities with constant payments Reference: Chapter 3 (par. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4)

Week 8

Introduction to loans. Loans: general scheme. Italian amortization method. French amortization method. Constitution of capital. American amortization method. Advanced interest amortization. Outstanding loan balance, Usufruct and bare ownership. Amortization in variable instalments. Leasing. Indexed loans. Bonds. Bonds: quoted and actual prices. Bond issue plans. Exercises in Excel: Amortizing a loan, Constituting a capital, Outstanding loan balance, usufruct and bare ownership, Bond issue plans and quotations. Leasing. Reference: Chapter 4 (par. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9)

Week 9

Properties of economic-financial: definitions. Completeness of alternatives: supplementary projects. Specific selection criteria N.P.V., Final Value, T.R.M., I.R.R. Exercises in Excel: Economic-financial projects, Applications of selection criteria. Reference: Chapter 5 (par. 5.1, 5.2. 5.3)

Week 10

Time and variability indicators. Duration, and Convexity. The value function of a cash flow as a function of the interest rate (effective and instantaneous). Study of the sensitivity of a bond. Exercises in Excel: Duration and Convexity Reference: Chapter 4 (par. 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9). Chapter 6 (par. 6.1, 6.1.1)

Week 11

The sensitivity of the bond price to changes in the interest rate. Volatility. The modified duration. The price change: approximate determination. Development in Taylor series. Approximation direction. Exercises in Excel: Volatility, Approximate price calculation. Book: Chapter 6 (par. 6.3, 6.4)

Week 12

The immunisation theorem in the one-output case. Proof. Examples of construction of immunised portfolios. Exercises in Excel: Construction of immunised portfolios. Book: Chapter 6 (par. 6.2)