TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY

TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY

Ian Paul McCarthy

Instructional goals

The aim of this course is to provide you with a combination of theoretical and applied knowledge on the strategic management of technological innovation. We will examine both the challenges and opportunities firms face when using technological innovation for engaging in the creation and commercialization of new products, services, and processes. We will explore how companies create and implement technology management strategies by selecting projects, partners, and business models and designing and managing technology management processes accordingly.

Intended learning outcomes

At the completion of this course, students will be able to: Knowledge and Understanding: Recognize and recall how technology management and associated innovations impact organizations, industries, and society. Discuss how the nature and value of technology management can vary for different types of industries and different types of organizations. Applying Knowledge and Understanding: Implement theories, frameworks, and tools to understand and manage technology from the creation of ideas through to the commercialization of new products, processes, and services. Execute and implement concepts and tools in your organizations to experience, test, and learn the practices of technology management. Making Judgments: Check and critique contingency-based learning and judgment skills, understanding how to practice technology management in different organizational and industry contexts. Communication Skills: Plan and produce communications that reflect on and pitch key learnings Learning Skills: Engage in continuous learning to adapt technology management practices to evolving organizational and industry contexts.

Course Contents

The modules of the course will cover the following topics: Introduction to technology management Types of technological innovation Standards, modularity and platforms Generation and selection of ideas for technology projects Scenario planning and roadmapping Technology management: speed and timing Teams for technology management Organizational contexts for technology management User innovation and technology management Crowds and technology management Intellectual property and licensing Technology management simulation

Reference Books

This course has two types of reading: The course textbook: Strategic Management of Technological Innovation (6th edition) by Melissa Schilling. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. This book provides a comprehensive reference source for the language, theories, concepts and tools we will work through. Papers: These are intended to promote thinking about insights on theories, tools and issues not covered by the course text. The papers are: Hargadon, A. and Sutton, R.I., 2000. Building an innovation factory. Harvard Business Review, 78(3), pp.157-157. Ahlstrom, D., 2010. Innovation and growth: How business contributes to society. Academy of management perspectives, 24(3), pp.11-24. Bower, J., Christensen, C., 1995. Disruptive technologies: catching the wave. Harvard Business Review, (Jan-Feb), 43}53. Kamrad, B., Schmidt, G. and Ülkü, S., 2017. In Pursuit of Product Modularity: Impediments and Stimulants. California Management Review, 59(4), pp.97-113. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.R., 1999. The art of standards wars. California management review, 41(2), pp.8-32. Nagji, B. & Tuff, G. 2012. Managing your innovation portfolio. Harvard Business Review, May: 67-74 Schilling, M., 2017. What's Your Best Innovation Bet? Harvard Business Review, 95(4), pp.86-93. Garvin, D.A. and Levesque, L.C., 2005. A note on scenario planning. Harvard Business Review Cases. Phaal, R., Farrukh, C.J. and Probert, D.R., 2004. Technology roadmapping—a planning framework for evolution and revolution. Technological forecasting and social change, 71(1-2), pp.5-26. Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C.K., 2005. Strategic intent. Harvard business review, 83(7), pp.148-161. Tellis, G.J. and Golder, P.N., 1996. First to market, first to fail? Real causes of enduring market leadership. MIT Sloan management review, 37(2), pp.65-75. McCarthy, I.P., Lawrence, T.B., Wixted, B. and Gordon, B.R., 2010. A multidimensional conceptualization of environmental velocity. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), pp.604-626. Sethi, R., Smith, D.C. and Park, C.W., 2002. How to kill a team’s creativity. Harvard business review, 80(8), pp.16-17. Segars, A.H., 2019. Creating a tribal approach for innovation in organizations. Business Horizons. Volume 62, Issue 3, May–June 2019, Pages 409-418 Brown, T., 2008. Design thinking. Harvard Business Review, 86(6), p.84. Chen, Y., 2017. Dynamic ambidexterity: How innovators manage exploration and exploitation. Business Horizons, 60(3), pp.385-394. Birkinshaw, J. and Gibson, C.B., 2004. Building an ambidextrous organisation. Advanced Institute of Management Research Paper, (003). Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., McCarthy, I. and Kates, S.M., 2007. When customers get clever: Managerial approaches to dealing with creative consumers. Business Horizons, 50(1), pp.39-47. Thomke, S. and Von Hippel, E., 2002. Customers as innovators: a new way to create value. Harvard business review, 80(4), pp.74-85. Berthon, P., Pitt, L., Kietzmann, J. and McCarthy, I.P., 2015. CGIP: managing consumer-generated intellectual property. California Management Review, 57(4), pp.43-62. Prpić, J., Shukla, P.P., Kietzmann, J.H. and McCarthy, I.P., 2015. How to work a crowd: Developing crowd capital through crowdsourcing. Business Horizons, 58(1), pp.77-85 Alexy, O., Criscuolo, P. and Salter, A., 2009. Does IP Strategy Have to Cripple Open Innovation? MIT Sloan Management Review, 51(1), p.71. A Question of Utility: Intellectual Property, The Economist. 2015 Back Bay Battery Foreground Reading It is important that you carefully work through all the readings prescribed for each session. Doing so will help you to (i) make valuable contributions during sessions, (ii) participate in course exercises, and (iii) complete assignments effectively.

Teaching Methods

Mix synchronous and asynchronous TA consultations Group work Case Studies Flipped Classroom Project Work

Assessment Method

In this course, you will be assessed through the following: Small group weekly assignments (30%, 9 points). Video group assignment (20%, 6 points). The schedule will be posted by me at the start of the course. For the video group assignment, you are required to make a 15-minute (maximum) narrated video presentation and upload this to a YouTube Channel that you create. The topic for your presentation is: What does a manager need to know about X? Where ‘X’ is a topic covered in the course. The criteria for this video presentation are as follows: Does the presentation inform a general manager about the topic, in an interesting and compelling way, and in such a fashion that as general managers we can all say, after the presentation: “I think I know the most important and fundamental things there are to know about X"? (3 points); Is the topic well presented by the group? Does it flow well, and is the audience engaged by it? (1 point); Does the presentation use good examples to explain and illustrate the concepts and theory (2 points). Individual contributions in the synchronous sessions and discussion forums (20%, 6 points) Individual written assessment (30%, 9 points). The aim of individual assignment is to provide you with an opportunity to reflect on and apply the course content. For this assignment you assume the role of a consultant who has been hired to do an audit of the company’s strategic approach to technology management. In this assignment you will present how you would audit the company’s strategic approach to technology management innovation management. You will not actually do or apply the audit, but instead you explain the steps involved in your audit, the key things you would ask and consider in these steps and how they all relate to each other. The report should be no more than 2,500 words. The assessment criteria are as follows: Quality of the writing, structure and style (3 points); Credibility of the audit framework (6 points). FOR NON-ATTENDING STUDENTS Students who are not able to attend asynchronous sessions for university-approved reasons must advise the professor of this before the start of the second week of the semester that the course is delivered in. Non-attending students, will complete all of assigned assessments that attending students complete at a schedule that suits them. The assigned assessments are: Complete the group weekly assignments as an individual (30%, 9 points). Complete the group video assignment as an individual (20%, 6 points). The schedule will be posted by me at the start of the course. For the video assignment, you are required to make a 15-minute (maximum) narrated video presentation and upload this to a YouTube Channel that you create. The topic for your presentation is: What does a manager need to know about X? Where ‘X’ is a topic covered in the course. The criteria for this video presentation are as follows: Does the presentation inform a general manager about the topic, in an interesting and compelling way, and in such a fashion that as general managers we can all say, after the presentation: “I think I know the most important and fundamental things there are to know about X"? (3 points); Is the topic well presented by the group? Does it flow well, and is the audience engaged by it? (1 point); Does the presentation use good examples to explain and illustrate the concepts and theory (2 points). Individual contributions to the discussion forums (20%, 6 points) Individual written assessment (30%, 9 points). The aim of individual assignment is to provide you with an opportunity to reflect on and apply the course content. For this assignment you assume the role of a consultant who has been hired to do an audit of the company’s strategic approach to technology management. In this assignment you will present how you would audit the company’s strategic approach to technology management innovation management. You will not actually do or apply the audit, but instead you explain the steps involved in your audit, the key things you would ask and consider in these steps and how they all relate to each other. The report should be no more than 2,500 words. The assessment criteria are as follows: Quality of the writing, structure and style (3 points); Credibility of the audit framework (6 points).

Thesis assignment criteria

Active attendance at the course; Quality of the proposed issue for the thesis. 

Week 1

Week 1- Introduction to technology management Asynchronous or synchronous lesson What is technology management Why is technology management so important to firm success How does technology management affect society, both positively and negatively E-tivities Individually participate in discussion forum. Invidually submit up to 6 slides that cover the following: Your personal and professional background (make sure you state your name in at least one of the slides and provide a picture of yourself). State what is the most interesting technological innovation you can think of and explain why you think it is so interesting. In small, assigned groups produce 6 slides that explain how one or two technological innovations affect society, both positively and negatively? Provide examples of the positive and negative impact. Explain who benefited or was hurt by the technological innovation. Explain how they benefited or how were hurt by the innovation. Related Material Chapter 1 of course text Hargadon, A. and Sutton, R.I., 2000. Building an innovation factory. Harvard Business Review, 78(3), pp.157-157. Ahlstrom, D., 2010. Innovation and growth: How business contributes to society. Academy of management perspectives, 24(3), pp.11-24. Original instructor video about weekly topics Video on the Beat of the System: what are the technologies that transformed this industry? Video on deepfakes: What are the positives of negatives of this technology? News article: being open to unfamiliar knowledge.

Week 2

Week 2- Types of technological innovation Asynchronous or synchronous lesson How technological innovations can vary in terms of what they are and their impact How to recognize a disruptive technological innovation What are some of the reasons that both technology improvement and technology diffusion exhibit s-shaped curves E-tivities Individually participate in discussion forum. In assigned groups, produce 3 slides that cover the following: Identify an organization you believe is currently in the process of being a disruptor. Profile the company and explain what the disruptive innovation is. Identify the performance attributes of the technology and present performance trajectories. Use the disruptive innovation criteria to show to what extent the innovation is disruptive. Related Material Chapter 3 of course text Bower, J., Christensen, C., 1995. Disruptive technologies: catching the wave. Harvard Business Review, (Jan-Feb), 43}53. Original instructor video about weekly topics What is innovation and why does it matter? Why do incumbent firms fail to recognize and successfully respond to disruptive innovation? Think about the S-curves electric cars.

Week 3

Week 3 Standards, modularity and platforms  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson Why does a dominant design emerge Why it is not always the most technologically superior design that becomes dominant If dominant are designs good for consumers, competitors, complementors or suppliers E-tivities Individually participate in discussion forum. In small, assigned groups develop 4 slides on how a firm might use metaverse technology to develop a platform. What things might the metaverse platform do? How might the metaverse platform operator create and capture value from people who do things in the metaverse platform? Related Material Chapter 4 of course text, and pages 236 – 240 of Chapter 10 Kamrad, B., Schmidt, G. and Ülkü, S., 2017. In Pursuit of Product Modularity: Impediments and Stimulants. California Management Review, 59(4), pp.97-113. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.R., 1999. The art of standards wars. California management review, 41(2), pp.8-32. Original instructor video about weekly topics How does a platform succeed? What is the ISO and what does it do? Who benefits from this standardization?

Week 4

Week 4 - Generation and selection of ideas for technology projects  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson The tools and guidelines used to generate ideas How to evaluate and choose projects How an organization generate and select ideas for innovations For what kind of development projects might a real options approach be (in)appropriate E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. In small, assigned groups play the Breaking News simulation, and then produce 3 slides on the following: Which initiatives did you choose and why? What was your approach to choosing initiatives? Your logic? Your principles? How did you feel about external versus internal initiatives? How did you feel about the cost? How did the mandate the CEO give you guide your approach? Related Material Chapter 7 of course text Nagji, B. & Tuff, G. 2012. Managing your innovation portfolio. Harvard Business Review, May: 67-74 Schilling, M., 2017. What's Your Best Innovation Bet? Harvard Business Review, 95(4), pp.86-93. Original instructor video about weekly topics Video – what makes an individual creative? Video –how to choose project

Week 5

Week 5 - Scenario planning and roadmapping  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson The purposes and development of technology roadmaps Why and how do organizations carry out and use scenario planning What are the advantage’s and disadvantages of technology roadmapping E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. No small group work required this week. Related Material Garvin, D.A. and Levesque, L.C., 2005. A note on scenario planning. Harvard Business Review Cases. Phaal, R., Farrukh, C.J. and Probert, D.R., 2004. Technology roadmapping—a planning framework for evolution and revolution. Technological forecasting and social change, 71(1-2), pp.5-26. Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C.K., 2005. Strategic intent. Harvard business review, 83(7), pp.148-161. Original instructor video about weekly topics why use this method? what does scenario planning involve? how do experiments and planning underlie innovation?

Week 6

Week 6 - Technology management: speed and timing  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson What are the trade-offs between early and late entry into an industry Successful and unsuccessful examples of a first mover, an early follower and a laggard E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. In assigned groups of produce 5 slides on the following: What are the advantages and disadvantages of entering the air taxi market early? Is Wisk well positioned to be a dominant player in this market? What resources will Wisk need to develop or acquire be successful? Overall, would you say Wisk’s entry into the air taxi market is too early, too late, or about right? Where would you suggest they Wisk launch this service? Explain why? Related Material Chapter 5 of course text Tellis, G.J. and Golder, P.N., 1996. First to market, first to fail? Real causes of enduring market leadership. MIT Sloan management review, 37(2), pp.65-75. McCarthy, I.P., Lawrence, T.B., Wixted, B. and Gordon, B.R., 2010. A multidimensional conceptualization of environmental velocity. Academy of Management Review, 35(4), pp.604-626. Original instructor video about weekly topics How to build organizational resilience in fast changing world? what is the link between data driven innovations and innovation speed. what are the value drivers and time issues. Video on Wisk Air Taxi

Week 7

Week 7 Teams for technology management  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson The trade-offs in choosing a team's size and level of diversity What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of co-location If there are some types of projects for which “virtual teams” are inappropriate E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. No assigned group work required this week. Related Material Chapter 12 of text. Sethi, R., Smith, D.C. and Park, C.W., 2002. How to kill a team’s creativity. Harvard business review, 80(8), pp.16-17. Segars, A.H., 2019. Creating a tribal approach for innovation in organizations. Business Horizons. Volume 62, Issue 3, May–June 2019, Pages 409-418 Original instructor video about weekly topics How do they experiment and learn? “How” does diversity make teams more innovative?

Week 8

Week 8 - Organizational contexts for technology management  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson How managers design organizational processes and contexts for technology management How do individuals, teams and companies manage exploration and exploitation E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. In assigned groups watch the IDEO shopping cart video. Then produce three slides about the ‘context’ that is created to facilitate innovation: How do the spaces and places they work in facilitate innovation? What are the controls (goals, rules, and practices) that facilitate innovation? How do the diversity and capabilities of the team facilitate innovation? Related Material Brown, T., 2008. Design thinking. Harvard business review, 86(6), p.84. Chen, Y., 2017. Dynamic ambidexterity: How innovators manage exploration and exploitation. Business Horizons, 60(3), pp.385-394. Birkinshaw, J. and Gibson, C.B., 2004. Building an ambidextrous organisation. Advanced Institute of Management Research Paper, (003). Original instructor video about weekly topics What are the key designs factors? How does the IDEO ‘context’ facilitate innovation?

Week 9

Week 9 - User innovation and technology management  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson The rise of user innovators consumers How to learn from them Who are user innovators Why do users innovate How do users innovate How should companies react to user innovators E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. In assigned groups, produce 4 slides on the following: Identify two “impactful” examples of COVID-19 triggered user innovation. Provide image of the user-produced innovation, explain the motivation for innovation, provide evidence of its impact. Related Material Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., McCarthy, I. and Kates, S.M., 2007. When customers get clever: Managerial approaches to dealing with creative consumers. Business Horizons, 50(1), pp.39-47. Thomke, S. and Von Hippel, E., 2002. Customers as innovators: a new way to create value. Harvard business review, 80(4), pp.74-85. Berthon, P., Pitt, L., Kietzmann, J. and McCarthy, I.P., 2015. CGIP: managing consumer-generated intellectual property. California Management Review, 57(4), pp.43-62. Original instructor video about weekly topics What are the key differences between user and producer innovation? Video on interactive white board. See discussion forum question. Video on the Open Artificial Pancreas System. See discussion forum question.

Week 10

Week 10  - Crowds and technology management  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson History of crowds in innovation How technology managers can use crowdsourcing as part of their technology strategies How do crowds vary, when to use one, and how to facilitate meaningful engagement with crowds What are some approaches to intellectual property management in the context of user and open innovation. E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. In assigned groups of produce 4 slides that explain how companies have successfully used crowdsourcing Related Material Prpić, J., Shukla, P.P., Kietzmann, J.H. and McCarthy, I.P., 2015. How to work a crowd: Developing crowd capital through crowdsourcing. Business Horizons, 58(1), pp.77-85 Alexy, O., Criscuolo, P. and Salter, A., 2009. Does IP Strategy Have to Cripple Open Innovation? MIT Sloan Management Review, 51(1), p.71. Original instructor video about weekly topics What are the IP risks? Watch video on the science of crowdsourcing: What technical problems are being solved?

Week 11

Week 11 - Intellectual property and licensing  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson How and why intellectual property exists Why firms decide to license-in and license-out technologies Under which circumstances is IP protection necessary and effective Why do firms license-in E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. No assigned group work required this week. Related Material Chapter 9 of course text Paper: A Question of Utility: Intellectual Property, The Economist. 2015 Original instructor video about weekly topics Video on the World Patent Office. Video on Elon Musk and patents.

Week 12

Week 12 - Technology management simulation  Asynchronous or synchronous lesson Simulation of a R&D management case Review of the learning covered in the course E-tivities Individually participate in the discussion forum. In assigned groups, play the Back Bay Battery simulation Related Material Back Bay Battery Foreground Reading Video on developments on battery technology. Consider how these developments relate to the simulation you play in this session.