MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

Daniele Mascia, Valentina Iacopino

Instructional goals

The management of innovation is one of the most talked about, loved, challenging and respected issues on any business degree program. Many participants come to a business school with the misconception that technology management is more of a gut-feeling, seat-of-the-pants discipline than are, say, Finance, Production and Operations Management, or Accounting. As you will learn during the course, good innovation development and management is based on designing and managing appropriate innovation processes and practices, and organizational structures in accordance with strategic goals and industry conditions.

Intended learning outcomes

By completion of the course, students will have: • A familiarity with the theoretical foundations of innovation management and strategy; • An understanding of current topics in strategic innovation management, such as innovation networks, idea brokering, open innovation; • A familiarity with innovation processes and structures such as R&D team and incentive design, innovation portfolio management, idea generation processes, the pros and cons of various organizational configurations, and the challenges of innovation in large and small firms; • An understanding of the strategies most effective for exploiting innovations; • The ability to apply concepts and theories directly to real world situations; • Skills to identify, evaluate, and resolve a variety of issues relating to innovative performance in firms.

Course Contents

The course is structured into two main blocks. The first block focuses on the strategic issues associated with innovation processes and activities. We will learn how firms develop and implement innovation strategies by selecting innovation projects and business models, and designing and managing innovation processes accordingly. The second block focuses on the organizational and managerial issues associated with innovation processes and activities. We will learn how firms can sustain the generation, development, adoption and diffusion of innovation activities by designing an organizational structure (formal and informal, micro and macro) and culture enabling firms to innovate and spread innovation. The central challenges and available solutions to organize innovation activities and practices will be discussed.

Reference Books

The course will rely on a core textbook, case studies, and papers. • Textbook: Strategic Management of Technological Innovation (6th ed) by Melissa Schilling. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers. This book provides a comprehensive reference source for the theories, concepts and tools we will work through. • Cases: We will use case studies to understand how different aspects of innovation management apply to different business situations. • Papers: Academic articles are intended to promote thinking about insights on theories, tools and issues not covered by the course text and cases. It is important that you carefully work through all the readings assigned for each class. Doing so will help you (i) make valuable contribution to the class, (ii) participate in course exercises, and (iii) complete assignments and exams effectively.

Teaching Methods

The course combines lectures, case analyses, and student presentations. The readings are drawn from research in the management of technological innovation and as well as from economics and organizational theory. The cases provide an extensive opportunity to integrate and apply these tools in a practical, business context, and draw from a variety of firms and industries. There will be group presentations, where groups of students will give a 15-minute presentation of the topic for that week.

Assessment Method

• Individual Participation (20% or 6 points) – see below for more information. • Group presentation (20% or 6 points) – see below for more information. • Exam (60% or 18 points) – see below for more information. INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPATION Your participation grade Is based on your attendance, preparation and engagement toward the learning in this course. You are expected to attend all schedules classes. The criteria used to assess participation are: • Preparedness and attitude (max 2 points) – Are you prepared for class and able to express foundational knowledge? Do your contributions rely on appropriate innovation management language and concepts? Do you show a positive attitude and cooperative behavior during class discussions and exercises? • Engagement (max 4 points) – Are your contributions insightful and do they enhance learning? Do you effectively identify and summarize key learning points? Do your contributions relate to, connect and apply appropriate theory and examples within the course and between courses? GROUP PRESENTATION Each group is required to deliver a 15-minute presentation on the innovation topic assigned for that week. Groups will be formed in week 1, and the order of sequence for presentations chosen randomly. The objective of these presentations is to provide a good overview of what a general manager, not an innovation specialist, should know about the topic of the day. Every group member is expected to contribute to the development and delivery of the presentation. You are required to send the slides the course instructor before the presentation takes place. All the group members’ names and IDs must appear on the Title slide. The assessment criteria for presentations are the following: • Does the presentation inform a general manager about the topic, in an interesting and compelling way, and in such a way that we can all say, after the presentation: “I think I know the most important and fundamental things there are to know about (insert the topic here)”? (max 4 points) • Is the topic well presented by the group? Does it flow well, and is the audience engaged by it? (max 2 points) EXAM Duration: 60 minutes Instructions for the written exam: • This is a closed-book exam. • The exam consists of four open discussion questions (4 points per question; 16 points max); and four multiple-choice questions (0.5 points per question; 2 points max). • Multiple-choice questions have only one correct answer. • The points for each question are indicated next to each question in the exam script. The final exam will include questions based on (i) key readings and cases, (ii) slides presented in class, and (iii) class discussion.

Thesis assignment criteria

None

Week 1

TOPIC: What is innovation and why is it important? Sources of innovation QUESTION(S) What is innovation? Why is innovation so important to firm success? How does innovation affect society, both positively and negatively? What different sources of innovation exist? OVERVIEW We will review the course and examine what innovation management is, focusing on the process of innovation and how it shapes and defines industries, markets and society. We will also shed light on the different entities that are involved (individuals, teams, organizations, governments and networks) and how these shape innovations. READINGS Chapters 1 and 2 of course text

Week 2

TOPIC: Types of innovation and business model innovation QUESTION(S) Think of examples of competence enhancing innovation versus competence destroying innovation, and architectural innovation versus component innovation. How do you recognize a disruptive innovation? In what ways are innovations aimed at improving sustainability disruptive? What are some of the reasons that both technology improvement and technology diffusion exhibit s-shaped curves? What is business model innovation, and why is it difficult to manage for most organizations? How role does business model innovation play in improving sustainability? OVERVIEW We will learn about how innovations can vary in terms of what they are and their impact, as well understanding the life-cycle of an innovation. We will learn what is meant by business model innovation and examine the main opportunities and challenges with this type of innovation. READINGS Chapter 3 of course text Joyce, A., & Paquin, R. L. (2016). The triple layered business model canvas: A tool to design more sustainable business models. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, pp. 1474-1486.

Week 3

OPIC: Dynamics of innovation: the roles of standards, modularity and platforms QUESTION(S) How does innovation in an industry typically change over time, and what are the reasons for these typical development patterns? Why does a dominant design emerge, and why it is not always the most technological superior design that becomes dominant? Are dominant designs good for consumers? Competitors? Complementors? Suppliers? OVERVIEW We will learn how innovations in and industry change over time. We examine how innovation standards, modularity and platform can provide dimensions of value that shape which technology rises to the position of the dominant design. READINGS Chapter 4 of course text

Week 4

TOPIC: Innovation strategy and disruptive innovation QUESTION(S) How is innovation related to strategy? Do organizations need to have an explicit innovation strategy, and if so why? Why is disruptive innovation so difficult for industry-leading firms? What are the trade-offs between early and late entry into an industry? Identify successful and unsuccessful examples of a first mover, an early follower and a laggard. OVERVIEW We will explore the inter-relationship between strategy and innovation, and discuss what benefits firms can get from having an explicit innovation strategy. Moreover, we will explore how being a fast first mover, an early follower or a laggard can impact innovation success and other effects of innovation speed and timing. READINGS Chapter 5 of course text Bower, J., Christensen, C., 1995. Disruptive technologies: catching the wave. Harvard Business Review, (Jan-Feb), 43}53.

Week 5

TOPIC: Innovation portfolio management QUESTION(S) How should firms manage their innovation project selection? What are the advantages and disadvantages of discounted cash flow methods such as NPV and IRR? For what kind of development projects might a real options approach be appropriate? For what kind of projects would it be inappropriate? OVERVIEW We will learn about some of the processes, tools and guidelines used to evaluate and choose innovation projects. READINGS Chapter 7 of course text Martinsuo, M. (2013), Project portfolio management in practice and in context, International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 31, pp. 794-803. Nagji, B., & Tuff, G. (2012). Managing your innovation portfolio. Harvard Business Review, 90(5), pp.66-74.

Week 6

TOPIC: The innovation process and innovation management systems QUESTION(S) How does the design of the innovation process relate to type of innovation produced? What is an Innovation Management System, and how does it support innovation in organizations? Is it a good idea to measure innovation? If so, how should it be measured? OVERVIEW Focusing on new product development processes will examine how managers design organizational processes and management systems to innovate. Potential benefits and drawbacks of using a systems management approach to innovation (including the use of the ISO 56002 standard) is discussed. Measuring and managing innovation. READINGS Chapters 10 and 11 of course text. Richtnér, A., Brattström, A., Frishammar, J., Björk, J. & Magnusson, M. (2017). Creating Better Innovation Measurement Practices. MIT Sloan Management Review, 59(1), p.45-53.

Week 7

TOPIC: Designing for innovation and ambidexterity QUESTION(S) Why organizing innovation is important? OVERVIEW We will provide an overview of the principles of scientific management and methods for organizing, talking about organizational forms and innovation and organizational approaches to different forms of ambidexterity. READINGS

Week 8

TOPIC: Organizational change and innovation QUESTION(S) How can organization match their structures and capabilities with the innovation needs of both internal and external environments (e.g. how to make organizations agile)? OVERVIEW We will talk about development and change in organizations, by discussing four theories for “organizational change” and the “organization of innovation”, and understanding the “windows of opportunities” for the organization of innovation. READINGS

Week 9

TOPIC: Climate and culture for innovation QUESTION(S) How can organizations foster an organizational culture of collective creativity and innovation? OVERVIEW We will understand how organizations can foster an organizational culture for collective creativity and innovation, by managing flexible work design, physical spaces, and other ways to make the workplace a better place where organizational members can innovate and work READINGS

Week 10

OPIC: Open and network innovation QUESTION(S) What is the difference between closed and open innovation? What are the risks of open-innovation? OVERVIEW We will learn why and how firms share and intake knowledge from external parties to innovate. READINGS Chesbrough, H.W., 2006. The era of open innovation. Managing innovation and change, 127(3), pp.34-41. Prpić, J., Shukla, P.P., Kietzmann, J.H. and McCarthy, I.P., 2015. How to work a crowd: Developing crowd capital through crowdsourcing. Business Horizons, 58(1), pp.77-85. De Beer, J., McCarthy, I.P., Soliman, A. and Treen, E., 2017. Click here to agree: Managing intellectual property when crowdsourcing solutions. Business Horizons, 60(2), pp.207-217.

Week 11

TOPIC: Relational foundations of organizing innovation (Part I) QUESTION(S) How do knowledge flow and innovation spread in organizations? What are informal social networks in organizations? What types of positions in social networks (or network structures) either facilitate or hamper the generation of innovation? OVERVIEW We will learn where innovations innovation comes from in organizations, by discussing the difference and understanding the link between formal and informal structures in organizations. We will also investigate the links between network positions and types of innovators (brokers, catalysts, etc) READINGS Krackhardt, D. & Hanson, J.R. (1993) Informal networks. Harvard Business Review http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/krack/documents/pubs/1993/1993%20Informal%20Networks.pdf Casciaro, T., & Lobo, M. S. (2005). Competent jerks, lovable fools, and the formation of social networks. Harvard Business Review http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=01853344-af1d-4ca1-af8c-ddf13585ebbb%40sessionmgr4010

Week 12

TOPIC: Relational foundations of organizing innovation (Part II) QUESTION(S) What types of inter-organizational relationships foster innovation, and how can social network analysis be used to support strategic collaboration? OVERVIEW We will understand how inter-firm social networks affect the likelihood to develop innovation. We will also introduce social network analysis techniques applied to business contexts, and work on a case study that will help you understand how network opportunities relate to work-related organizational outcomes. READINGS Cross, R., Borgatti, S., & Parker, A. (2002) ‘Making invisible work visible: Using social network analysis to support strategic collaboration’, California Management Review http://cmr.berkeley.edu/search/articleDetail.aspx?article=4792 Tortoriello, M., McEvily, B., & Krackhardt, D. (2014). Being a Catalyst of Innovation: The Role of Knowledge Diversity and Network Closure. Organization Science http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.2014.0942 Summary and Exam preparation