SECURITY POLICIES

The course includes two classes per week: 1 plenary online (1 hour) + 1 plenary on campus (2 hours). Order and contents of classes might slightly change. LESSON 1 Introduction to the course: security as a multidimensional concept. Presentation of the Instructor(s), brief review of the program and explanation of exam modalities; introduction to the discipline of security policies and the concept(s) of security. During (and in many respects before) the Cold War, security was defined and perceived mainly in military terms. After the fall of the bipolar system, the concept of security did change dramatically. Non-state actors expanded their role in security matters, while economic, energy, environmental, cyber and other non-(strictly) military concepts of security became increasingly important. Furthermore, globalization made it harder to conceive a clear distinction between national and international security. The first class deals with this process of transformation, by focusing on both the traditional and the ‘new’ dimensions of security. Reading: World Economic Forum, The Global risks report 2023. Free download here: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf LESSON 2 Theories of international security: realism This class describes the basic features of realism, including its emphasis on the implications of anarchy and the importance of power in shaping States’ security policies and the likelihood of war. Readings: - Slaughter A.M., International relations, Principal Theories, in Wolfrum R. (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press, 6 pp. (freely available on https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/slaughter/files/722_intlrelprincipaltheories_slaughter_20110509zg.pdf ) - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4thedition, Routledge, 2023: Chapters 1, 2, 3 - Edward D. Mansfield & Jack Snyder, Democratization and war, 1995 (article freely available on: https://canvas.harvard.edu/files/3411125/download?download_frd=1 - W. Andy Knight, Is There a New International Relations Theory?, «Caribbean Journal of International Relations & Diplomacy», Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2013, pp. 27-37 (freely available on https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/368/320 )

LESSON 1 Theories of international security: liberalism and other theoretical perspectives By elaborating on the “democratic peace” thesis, international trade theory and the role of international organizations, the class also aims at describing and explaining the main points of the liberal approach to international security. We will also (more briefly) deal with some theoretical approaches to security that can be considered as alternative or complementary to realism and liberalism (i.e. constructivism and neo-marxism). Readings: - Slaughter A.M., International relations, Principal Theories, in Wolfrum R. (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press, 6 pp. (freely available on https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/slaughter/files/722_intlrelprincipaltheories_slaughter_20110509zg.pdf ) - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapters 1, 2, 3. - Edward D. Mansfield & Jack Snyder, Democratization and war, 1995 (article freely available on: https://canvas.harvard.edu/files/3411125/download?download_frd=1 - W. Andy Knight, Is There a New International Relations Theory?, «Caribbean Journal of International Relations & Diplomacy», Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2013, pp. 27-37 (freely available on https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/368/320 ) LESSON 2 Energy Security The class will discuss the different meanings of energy security, the different perspectives from which it is possible to look at energy’s geopolitical implications and the strategies used by States to face the challenges connected to energy sources. Reading: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapter 34. Optional readings: Free documents/articles from: https://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/ https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook

LESSON 1 EU Global Strategy, European Security and NATO Several crises within and beyond European borders are significantly affecting EU’s security. Serious issues such as terrorism, mass migration flows, conflicts and economic insecurity are challenging Europe as never before. In addition, the EU may still be challenged by possible negative consequences of Covid-19, the action of socio-political movements questioning its purpose and existence and its ambivalent relations with other actors, among which Turkey, Russia and China. Starting from this general framework, the class will critically reflect on the EU Global Strategy as a holistic tool to face some of the above-mentioned issues, as well as to provide Europe with both more security (even in conjunction with EU actors/instruments dealing with internal security) and a more effective external action. The class wants also to critically reflect on NATO as a multilateral security provider and, more in general, on the relation between the US and its European allies. Readings: - Documents and articles available at the following links: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/strategic-compass-security-and-defence-1_en https://natolibguides.info/nato2030/2022strategicconcept LESSON 2 Introduction to the cyber domain. The class will deal with the so called fifth dimension of warfare, but going well beyond the military and defence aspects related the the cyber-world, which is nowadays a key element for all the different dimensions of security. Reading: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapters 39 and 38.

LESSON 1 Cyber threats from hacking to cyberwar. Also because of its connection with other dimensions of security, the so-called cyber-threat is progressively becoming one of the most debated security issues of our times, or ‘the new frontier of (in)security’. This class focuses on the different ways to look at the cyber domain (also called by some the ‘5th dimension of warfare’) and some of the instruments States and private companies can use to deal with its challenges. Reading: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapters 39 and 38. Optional readings: - Cyber Defence, NATO https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_78170.htm NIS Directive (2020) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2555 LESSON 2 The Greater Mediterranean Area and its connection to international and Italian security. The class wants to offer a review of some of the main security aspects concerning the Medietarranean region and its implications for Europe and Italy. Reading: Articles/papers on the Mediterranean area freely available at https://www.iai.it

LESSON 1 Health and security. Security experts have recently acknowledged at least three links between health and security: traditional diseases posing threats to human security (i.e. malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, etc.); newly emerging diseases posing threats to national security (in terms of both deaths and economic disruption: Covid-19, SARS, MERS, avian flu, swine flu, etc.); some diseases connected to biological agents (such as anthrax, smallpox or plague etc.), which can pose threats to bio-security (within the context of international efforts to combating terrorism). The class will compare different ways in which the health-security nexus can be conceptualized and managed in terms of policies. Readings: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapter 37 - UN, COVID-19 threatening global peace and security, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1061502 - Optional readings: World Health Organization (WHO), Terrorist threats to food, Guidance for establishing and strengthening Prevention and Response Systems, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42619/1/9241545844.pdf - WHO, Public health response to biological and chemical weapons: WHO guidance, https://www.who.int/csr/delibepidemics/biochemguide/en/ LESSON 2 Class discussion on the course and its requirements (course issues, final workshops, paper, oral exam, etc.).

LESSON 1 Women and security. When women lead and participate in peace processes, peace lasts longer. Research shows that achieving gender equality helps in preventing conflict, and high rates of violence against women correlates with the outbreaks of conflict. Despite the evidence, actions for women’s inclusion, leadership and protection remain inadequate. In some areas, there has even been a roll back on progress. At the same time, violent extremism is on the rise, so that women are not only targets of systematic sexual violence, since have become targets of recruiters as well — women made up at least 20 to 30 % of foreign terrorist fighters. Readings: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: chapter 35 - UN Security Council resolution 1325: freely available on https://peacemaker.un.org/node/105 - Gender perspectives in NATO Armed Forces (2022): https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/topics_101372.htm LESSON 2 The protection of cultural heritage. Attacks against heritage and cultural diversity have become a recurrent phenomenon in a number of recent armed conflicts (i.e. Syria, Iraq, etc.). Such attacks are often compounded by the looting and illicit trafficking of cultural objects, which contribute to global organized crime, economic insecurity and, in turn, to fueling armed conflict. Given this premise, and also referring to the role played by UNESCO and the UN Blue Helmets for Culture, the class will show how and why protecting cultural heritage (and integrating the cultural dimension in conflict prevention & resolution) constitutes not only a cultural emergency, but also a political, humanitarian and security imperative. Reading: UNESCO, The Protection of Heritage and Cultural Diversity: a Humanitarian and Security Imperative in the Conflicts of the 21st century, Background note to the International Conference “Heritage and Cultural Diversity at Risk in Iraq and Syria”: http://en.unesco.org/system/files/iraqsyriaeventbackgroundnoteeng.pdf

LESSON 1 Securing the critical infrastructures. More than ever, international security depends upon safe access to the global commons and the protection of several critical infrastructures (in maritime, air, space and cyber-space domains). These infrastructures are essential to international commerce, communication and governance. However, they can be threatened by criminal organizations and terrorist groups: as the class wants to show, that is why it is vital states and the international community find ways to strengthen and maintain critical infrastructures and their responsible use and protection. Readings: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapter 39. - European Commission, Protection of Critical Infrastructures https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/critical-infrastructure-protection_en - EU Directive on critical entities resilience: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2557/oj - EU cybersecurity: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/cyber-security LESSON 2 Class on Cyber-power and international security relations

LESSON 1 The future operating environment of military operations. Readings: P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapters of part three (3) LESSON 2 Environment and security. After the Cold War, the relation between the environment and security has earned growing attention from both scholars and policymakers. The class will provide students with a framework to understand some of the most important environmental issues on the security agenda. Reading: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapter 36.

LESSON 1 Terrorism A threat to global security well before 9/11 and the rise of al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, in the next years terrorism could decrease in terms of groups and activities, but it will hardly disappear from the security agenda of States. The lesson will include not only a descriptive explanation of contemporary terrorism, but also a part on counter-terrorism strategies (national and international level as well). Readings: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapters 26-27. - L. Corna, Introduction on Money Laundering and Financial Terrorism Risks, Iason, 2021: https://www.iasonltd.com/doc/rps/2021/2021_Introduction_on_Money_Laundering_and_Financial_Terrorism_Risks.pdf - FinanceInskeptionen, Terrorism financing - a very brief summary, 2016: http://www.fi.se/contentassets/1944bde9037c4fba89d1f48f9bba6dd7/terrorism-financing-summary-160315_eng.pdf LESS0N 2 Outer Space and security Reading: P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapter 40.

LESSON 1 Transnational crime. Students will be given an overview of why and how in the last decades transnational crime has emerged as a threat to (national and global) security. The class will also discuss some recent initiatives undertaken to combat transnational criminal groups and their activities. Readings: P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapter 31 EUROPOL (SOCTA/OCTA, IOCTA) reports: https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports LESSON 2 Migrations and security. This class wants to show how contemporary migrations affect (inter)national security. The goal is not only to explain different threats connected to population movements - which however can also represent an opportunity -, but also to illustrate how States and international organizations try to manage migration flows. Reading: - P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapter 33. Optional reading: - IOM, World Migration Report, 2022: https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022

LESSON 1 Economic security The relation between economics and security can be analyzed from two different (but related) perspectives, since “resources” can be viewed not only as a cause of insecurity, but also as an instrument for promoting development and peace. This class considers both the viewpoints and focuses on the contemporary dimension of economic national security (i.e. security of national companies and techno-industrial assets, relation between financial flows and security, instruments of economic security policy such as the Golden Power, etc.). Reading: -P. D. Williams – M. McDonald (eds.), Security Studies: an introduction, 4th edition, Routledge, 2023: Chapters 30 and 17. Optional reading: - S. Pasquazzi, Economic Intelligence, in V. Ilari – G. Della Torre (eds.), Economic Warfare, Italian Society of Military History, Acies, Milano, 2017, pp. 499-514 http://www.societaitalianastoriamilitare.org/quaderni/2017%20Quaderno%20Sism%20Economic%20Warfare.pdf LESSON 2 Team workshops/presentations by students

LESSON 1 Team workshops/presentations by students LESSON 2 Team workshops/presentations by students (and conclusion of the program with course summary and final remarks)